Prolongation of Scrapie Incubation Period by an Injection of Dextran Sulphate 500 within the Month Before or After Infection

References

1. Allison A. C., Harington J. S., Birbeck M. 1966; An examination of the cytotoxic effects of silica on macrophages. Journal of Experimental Medicine 124:141–154
   [Google Scholar]
2. Andersson J., Sjöberg O., Möller G. 1972; Mitogens as probes for immunocyte activation and cellular cooperation. Transplantation Reviews 11:131–177
   [Google Scholar]
3. Babcock G. F., McCarthy R. E. 1977; Suppression of cell-mediated immune responses by dextran sulphate. Immunology 33:925–929
   [Google Scholar]
4. Bloksma N., De Reuver M. J., Willers J. M. N. 1980; Influence on macrophage functions as a possible basis of immunomodification by polyanions. Annales d’lmmunoiogie 131E:255–265
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bradfield J. W. B., Born G. V. R. 1974; Lymphocytosis produced by heparin and other sulphated polysaccharides in mice and rats. Cellular Immunology 14:22–32
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bradfield J. W. B., Souhami R. L., Addison E. 1974; The mechanism of the adjuvant effect of dextran sulphate. Immunology 26:383–392
   [Google Scholar]
7. Carp R. I., Callahan S. M. 1981; In vitro interaction of scrapie agent and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Intervirology 16:8–13
   [Google Scholar]
8. Chandler R. L. 1959; Attempts to demonstrate antibodies to scrapie disease. Veterinary Record 71:58
   [Google Scholar]
9. Clarke M. C., Haig D. A. 1966; Attempts to demonstrate neutralising antibodies in the sera of scrapie-affected animals. Veterinary Record 78:647–648
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cohn Z., Parks E. 1967; The regulation of pinocytosis in mouse macrophages. II. Factors inducing vesicle formation. Journal of Experimental Medicine 125:213–230
    [Google Scholar]
11. Collis S. C. 1984 Pathogenesis of scrapie: changes in IgG in selected models of scrapie in mice Ph,. D. thesis University of Surrey;
    [Google Scholar]
12. Diamantstein T., Meinhold H., Wagner B. 1971; Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. V. Relationship between enhancement of sheep red blood cell uptake by the spleen and adjuvant action of dextran sulphate. European Journal of Immunology 1:429–434
    [Google Scholar]
13. Dickinson A. G., Fraser H. 1969; Genetical control of the concentration of ME7 scrapie agent in mouse spleen. Journal of Comparative Pathology 79:363–366
    [Google Scholar]
14. Dickinson A. G., Meikle V. M. H., Fraser H. 1968; Identification of a gene which controls the incubation period of some strains of scrapie in mice. Journal of Comparative Pathology 78:293–299
    [Google Scholar]
15. Dickinson A. G., Fraser H., Mcconnell I., Outram G. W. 1978; Mitogenic stimulation of the host enhances susceptibility to scrapie. Nature, London 272:54–55
    [Google Scholar]
16. Dörries R., Schimple A., Wecker E. 1974; Action of dextran sulphate as a direct and general B cell mitogen. European Journal of Immunology 4:230–233
    [Google Scholar]
17. Ehlers B., Diringer H. 1984; Dextran sulphate 500 delays and prevents mouse scrapie by impairment of agent replication in spleen. Journal of General Virology 65:1325–1330
    [Google Scholar]
18. Ehlers B., Randolph R., Diringer H. 1984; The reticuloendothelial system in scrapie pathogenesis. Journal of General Virology 65:423–428
    [Google Scholar]
19. Eklund C. M., Kennedy R. C., Hadlow W. J. 1967; Pathogenesis of scrapie virus infection in the mouse. Journal of Infectious Diseases 117:15–22
    [Google Scholar]
20. Ford W. L., Smith M. E., Andrews P. 1978; Possible clues to the mechanism underlying the selective migration of lymphocytes from the blood. In Cell-Cell Recognition pp. 359–392 Edited by Curtis A. S. G. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;
    [Google Scholar]
21. Fraser H., Dickinson A. G. 1970; Pathogenesis of scrapie in the mouse: the role of the spleen. Nature, London 226:462–463
    [Google Scholar]
22. Fraser H., Dickinson A. G. 1978; Studies of the lymphoreticular system in the pathogenesis of scrapie: the role of spleen and thymus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 88:563–573
    [Google Scholar]
23. Freitas A. A., De Sousa M. 1977; Control mechanism of lymphocyte traffic A study of the action of two sulphated polysaccharides on the distribution of Cr- and [³H]adenosine-labeled mouse lymph node cells. Cellular Immunology 31:62–76
    [Google Scholar]
24. Gardiner A. C. 1965; Gel-diffusion reactions of tissue and sera from scrapie affected animals. Research in Veterinary Science 7:190–195
    [Google Scholar]
25. Garfin D. E., Stites D. P., Zitnik L. A., Prusiner S. B. 1978; Suppression of polyclonal B cell activation in scrapie-infected C3H/HeJ mice. Journal of Immunology 120:1986–1990
    [Google Scholar]
26. Ginsberg I., Sela M. N., Morag A., Ravid Z., Duchan Z., Ferne M., Rabinovitz-Bergner S., Page Thomas P., Davies P., Niccols J., Humes J., Bonney R. 1981; Role of leukocyte factors and cationic polyelectrolytes in phagocytosis of group A streptococci and Candida albicans by neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells: modulation by anionic polyelectrolytes in relation to pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. Inflammation 5:289–312
    [Google Scholar]
27. Gresser I., Pattison I. H. 1968; An attempt to modify scrapie in mice by the administration of interferon. Journal of General Virology 3:295–297
    [Google Scholar]
28. Gronowicz E., Coutinho A. 1974; Selective triggering of B cell subpopulations by mitogens. European Journal of Immunology 4:771–776
    [Google Scholar]
29. Gronowicz E., Coutinho A. 1976; Heterogeneity of B cells: direct evidence of selective triggering of distinct subpopulations by polyclonal activators. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 5:55–69
    [Google Scholar]
30. Gronowicz E., Coutinho A., Moller G. 1974; Differentiation of B cells: sequential appearance of responsiveness to polyclonal activators. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 3:413–421
    [Google Scholar]
31. Hunter G. D., Kimberlin R. H., Millson G. C. 1972; Absence of eclipse phase in scrapie mice. Nature New Biology 235:31–32
    [Google Scholar]
32. Kimberlin R. H., Cunnington P. G. 1978; Reduction of scrapie incubation time in mice and hamsters by a single injection of methanol extraction residue of BCG. FEMS Microbiology Letters 3:169–172
    [Google Scholar]
33. Kimberlin R. H., Walker C. A. 1979a; Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: dynamics of agent replication in spleen, spinal cord and brain after injection by different routes. Journal of Comparative Pathology 89:551–562
    [Google Scholar]
34. Kimberlin R. H., Walker C. A. 1979b; Antiviral compound effective against experimental scrapie. Lancet ii:591–592
    [Google Scholar]
35. Kimberlin R. H., Walker C. A. 1982; Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: patterns of agent replication in different parts of the CNS following intraperitoneal infection. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75:618–624
    [Google Scholar]
36. Kimberlin R. H., Walker C. A. 1983; The antiviral compound HPA-23 can prevent scrapie when administered at the time of infection. Archives of Virology 78:9–18
    [Google Scholar]
37. L’Age-Stehr J., Diamantstein T. 1977; Suppression and potentiation of expression of delayed type hypersensitivity by dextran sulphate. Immunology 33:179–183
    [Google Scholar]
38. Lavelle G. C., Sturman L., Hadlow W. J. 1972; Isolation from mouse spleen of cell populations with high specific infectivity for scrapie virus. Infection and Immunity 5:319–323
    [Google Scholar]
39. Loos M., Bitter-Suermann D. 1976; Mode of interaction of different polyanions with the first (Cl, Cl), the second (C2) and the fourth (C4) component of complement. IV. Activation of Cl in serum by polyanions. Immunology 31:931–934
    [Google Scholar]
40. McCarthy R. E., Arnold L. W., Babcock G. F. 1977; Dextran sulphate: an adjuvant for cell-mediated immune responses. Immunology 32:963–974
    [Google Scholar]
41. Marsh R. F. 1981; Effect of vaccinia-activated macrophages on scrapie infection in hamsters. In Hamster Immune Responses in Infectious and Oncologic Diseases pp. 359–363 Edited by Streilein J. W., Hart D. A., Stein-Streilein J., Duncan W. R., Billingham R. E. New York: Plenum Press;
    [Google Scholar]
42. Millson G. C., Kimberlin R. H., Manning E. J., Collis S. C. 1979; Early distribution of scrapie infectivity in mouse tissue following infection by different routes. Veterinary Microbiology 4:89–99
    [Google Scholar]
43. Outram G. W. 1976; The pathogenesis of scrapie in mice. In Slow Virus Diseases of Animals and Man pp. 325–357 Edited by Kimberlin R. H. New York: Elsevier;
    [Google Scholar]
44. Outram G. W., Dickinson A. G., Fraser H. 1974; Reduced susceptibility to scrapie in mice after steroid administration. Nature, London 249:855–856
    [Google Scholar]
45. Outram G. W., Dickinson A. G., Fraser H. 1975; Slow encephalopathies, inflammatory responses and arachis oil. Lancet i:198–200
    [Google Scholar]
46. Porter D. D., Porter H. G., Cox N. A. 1973; Failure to demonstrate a humoral immune response to scrapie infection in mice. Journal of Immunology 111:1407–1410
    [Google Scholar]
47. Sasaki S., Suchi T. 1967; Mobilisation of lymphocytes from lymph nodes and spleen by polysaccharide polysulphate. Nature, London 216:1013–1014
    [Google Scholar]
48. Vachek H., Kolsch E. 1975; Dextran sulfate stimulates the induction but inhibits the effector phase in T cell- mediated cytotoxicity. Transplantation 19:183–185
    [Google Scholar]
49. Vogt W., Ruhl H., Wagner B., Diamantstein T. 1973; Stimulation of DN A synthesis in mouse lymphoid cells by polyanions in vitro. II. Relationship between adjuvant activity and stimulation of DNA synthesis by polyanions. European Journal of Immunology 3:493–496
    [Google Scholar]
50. Walton K. W. 1954; Investigation of the toxicity of a series of dextran sulphates of varying molecular weight. British Journal of Pharmacology 9:1–14
    [Google Scholar]
51. Worthington M., Clark R. 1971; Lack of effect of immunosuppression on scrapie infection in mice. Journal of General Virology 13:349–351
    [Google Scholar]