1887

Abstract

The structures of two vaccinia virus genes (B15R and B18R) from near the right inverted terminal repeat are described. These genes encode proteins of 36.5K and 40.7K, respectively, which have an N-terminal hydrophobic sequence, possible sites for attachment of -linked carbohydrate and a short string of hydrophobic residues near the C terminus. These properties are consistent with the mature proteins being either virion, cell surface or secretory glycoproteins. Protein sequence comparisons established that the two gene products are related to each other (20% identity) and to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Intriguingly, the nearest homologues of these proteins in the SWISS-PROT (version 14) database are the human and murine interleukin-1 receptors, although both proteins are related to a wide range of Ig superfamily members, including the interleukin-6 receptor. The product of one of these genes is known to be expressed on the cell surface early during infection and immunity directed against it confer resistance to virus infection without directly neutralizing virus infectivity. We propose a novel method for virus immune evasion in which the product of one or both of these proteins may bind interleukin-1 and/or interleukin-6 and prevent these cytokines reaching their natural receptors. In consequence the inflammatory response would be diminished and virus replication enhanced.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-511
1991-03-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/72/3/JV0720030511.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-511&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Baer R., Bankier A. T., Biggin M. D., Deininger P. L., Farrell P. J., Gibson T. J., Hatfull G., Hudson G. S., Satchwell S. C., Séguin C., Tuffnell P. S., Barrbll B. G. 1984; DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus genome. Nature, London 310:207–211
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Barton G. J., Sternberg M. J. E. 1987; A strategy for the rapid multiple alignment of protein sequences. Journal of Molecular Biology 198:327–337
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Beck S., Barrell B. G. 1988; Human cytomegalovirus encodes a glycoprotein homologous to MHC class-I antigens. Nature, London 331:269–272
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Boursnell M. E. G., Foulds I. J., Campbell J. I., Binns M. M. 1988; Non-essential genes in the vaccinia virus Hin dIII K fragment: a gene related to serine protease inhibitors and a gene related to the 37K vaccinia virus envelope protein. Journal of General Virology 69:2995–3003
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Browne H., Smith G., Beck S., Minson A. 1990; The MHC class I homologue encoded by human cytomegalovirus complexes with β-2 microglobulin. Nature, London 347:770–772
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Chua A. O., Gubler U. 1989; Sequence of the cDNA for the human fibroblast type interleukin-1 receptor. Nucleic Acids Research 17:101–14
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chua T. P., Smith C. E., Reith R. W., Williamson J. D. 1990; Inflammatory responses and the generation of chemoattractant activity in cowpox virus-infected tissues. Immunology 69:202–208
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Clevers H., Dunlap S., Saito H., Georgopoulos K., Wileman T., Terhorst C. 1988; Characterization and expression of the murine CD3-epsilon gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 85:8623–8627
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Condit R. C., Niles E. G. 1990; Orthopoxvirus genetics. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 163:1–40
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Davison A. J., Moss B. 1989; The structure of vaccinia virus late promoters. Journal of Molecular Biology 210:771–784
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Dayhoff M. O., Barker W. C., Hunt L. T. 1983; Establishing homologies in protein sequences. Methods in Enzymology 91:524–545
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Flanagan J. G., Rabbitts T. H. 1982; The sequence of a human immunoglobulin episilon heavy chain constant region gene, and evidence for three non-allelic genes. EMBO Journal 1:655–660
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Gershenwald J. E., Fong Y., Fahey T. J., Calvano S. E., Chizzonite R., Kilian P. L., Lowry S. F., Moldawer L. L. 1990; Interleukin 1 receptor blockade attenuates the host inflammatory response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 87:4966–4970
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Harrelson A. L., Goodman C. S. 1988; Growth cone guidance in insects: fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 242:700–708
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hemperly J. J., Murray B. A., Edelman G. M., Cunningham B. A. 1986; Sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the polysialic acid-rich and cytoplasmic domains of the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 83:3037–3041
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Hieter P. A., Max E. E., Seidman J. G., Maizel J. V., Leder P. 1980; Cloned human and mouse kappa immunoglobulin constant and J region genes conserve homology in functional segments. Cell 22:197–207
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Howard S. T., Smith G. L. 1989; Two early vaccinia virus genes encode polypeptides related to protein kinases. Journal of General Virology 70:3187–3201
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Howard S. T., Chan Y. S., Smith G. L. 1991; Vaccinia virus homologs of the Shope fibroma virus inverted terminal repeat proteins and a discontinuous ORF related to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Virology 180: (in press)
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Ikuta K., Miyamoto H., Kato S. 1980; Biochemical studies on early cell surface antigen induced by vaccinia and cowpox viruses. Journal of General Virology 47:227–232
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Jin D., Li Z., Jin Q., Yuwen H., Hou Y. 1989; Vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. A novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Journal of Experimental Medicine 170:571–576
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kotwal G., Moss B. 1988a; Analysis of a large cluster of nonessential genes deleted from a vaccinia virus terminal transposition mutant. Virology 167:524–537
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kotwal G., Moss B. 1988b; Vaccinia virus encodes a secretory polypeptide structurally related to complement control proteins. Nature, London 335:176–178
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kotwal G., Moss B. 1989; Vaccinia virus encodes two proteins that are structurally related to members of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily. Journal of Virology 63:600–606
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Lipman D. J., Pearson W. R. 1985; Rapid and sensitive protein similarity searches. Science 227:1435–1441
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Mackett M., Archard L. C. 1979; Conservation and variation in Orthopoxvirus genome structure. Journal of General Virology 45:683–701
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Moos M., Tacke R., Scherer H., Teplow D., Frueh K., Schachner M. 1988; Neural adhesion molecule L1 as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with binding domains similar to fibronectin. Nature, London 334:701–703
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Moss B. 1990; Poxviridae and their replication. In Virology pp 2079–2111 Edited by Fields B. N. New York: Raven Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Mostov K. E., Friedlander M., Blobel G. 1984; The receptor for transepithelial transport of IgA and IgM contains multiple immunoglobulin-like domains. Nature, London 308:37–43
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Oikawa S., Nakazato H., Kosaki G. 1987; Primary structure of human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) deduced from cDNA sequence. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 142:511–518
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Palumbo G. J., Pickup D. J., Fredrickson T. N., McIntyre L. J., Buller R. M. L. 1989; Inhibition of the inflammatory response is mediated by a 38-kDa protein of cowpox virus. Virology 172:262–273
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Perkus M. E., Panicali D., Mercer S., Paoletti E. 1986; Insertion and deletion mutants of vaccinia virus. Virology 152:285–297
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Ranscht B., Dours M. T. 1988; Sequence of contactin, a 130-kD glycoprotein concentrated in areas of intemeuronal contact, defines a new member of the immunoglobulin supergene family in the nervous system. Journal of Cell Biology 107:1561–1573
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Rempel E. R., Anderson M. K., Evans E., Traktman P. 1990; Temperature sensitive vaccinia virus mutants identify a gene with an essential role in viral replication. Journal of Virology 64:574–583
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ruta M., Howk R., Ricca G., Drohan W., Zabelshansky M., Laureys G., Barton D. E., Francke U., Schlessinger J., Givol D. 1988; A novel protein tyrosine kinase gene whose expression is modulated during endothelial cell differentiation. Oncogene 3:9–15
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Salzer J. L., Holmes W. P., Colman D. R. 1987; The amino acid sequences of the myelin-associated glycoproteins: homology to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Journal of Cell Biology 104:957–965
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Seeger M. A., Haffley L., Kaufman T. C. 1988; Characterization of amalgam: a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily from drosophila. Cell 55:589–600
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Sims J. E., March C. J., Cosman D., Widmer M. B., MacDonald H. R., McMahan C. J., Grubin C. E., Wignall J. M., Jackson J. L., Call S. M., Friend D., Alpert A. R., Gillis S., Urdal D. L., Dower S. K. 1988; cDNA expression cloning of the IL–1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 241:585–589
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Sims J. E., Acres R. B., Grubin C. E., McMahan C. J., Wignall J. M., March C. J., Dower S. K. 1989; Cloning the interleukin 1 receptor from human T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 86:8946–8950
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Smith G. L., Howard S. T., Chan Y. S. 1989a; Vaccinia virus encodes a family of genes with homology to serine proteinase inhibitors. Journal of General Virology 70:2333–2343
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Smith G. L., de Carlos A., Chan Y. S. 1989b; Vaccinia virus encodes a thymidylate kinase gene: sequence and transcriptional mapping. Nucleic Acids Research 17:7581–7590
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Smith G. L., Chan Y. S., Kerr S. M. 1989c; Transcriptional mapping and nucleotide sequence of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a polypeptide with extensive homology to DNA ligases. Nucleic Acids Research 17:9051–9062
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Staden R. 1982; Automation of computer handling of gel reading data produced by the shotgun method of DNA sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research 10:4731–4751
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Streuli M., Krueger N. X., Hall L. R., Schlossman S. F., Saito H. 1988; A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has a cytoplasmic region homologous to the leukocyte common antigen. Journal of Experimental Medicine 168:1523–1530
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Traktman P., Anderson K. M., Rempel R. E. 1989; Vaccinia virus encodes an essential gene with strong homology to protein kinases. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264:21458–21461
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Ueda Y., Tagaya I. 1973; Induction of skin resistance to vaccinia virus in rabbits by vaccinia-soluble early antigens. Journal of Experimental Medicine 138:1033–1043
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Ueda Y., Ito M., Tagaya I. 1969; A specific surface antigen induced by poxvirus. Virology 38:180–182
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Ueda Y., Morikawa S., Matsuura Y. 1990; Identification and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding a surface antigen induced by vaccinia virus. Virology 111:588–594
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Williams A. F., Barclay A. N. 1988; The immunoglobulin superfamily - domains for cell surface recognition. Annual Review of Immunology 6:381–405
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Yamasaki K., Taga T., Hirat Y., Yawata H., Kawanishi Y., Seed B., Taniguchi T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T. 1988; Molecular structure of interleukin 6 receptor. Proceedings of the Japan Academy 64:209–211
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Yarden Y., Escobedo J. A., Kuang W. J., Yang-Feng T. L., Daniel T. O., Tremble P. M., Chen E. Y., Ando M. E., Harkins R. N., Francke U., Friend V. A., Ullrich A., Williams L. T. 1986; Structure of the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor helps define a family of closely related growth factor receptors. Nature, London 323:226–232
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Yuen L., Moss B. 1987; Oligonucleotide sequence signalling transcriptional termination of vaccinia virus early genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 84:6417–6421
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-511
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-72-3-511
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error