Detection of phocid distemper virus RNA in seal tissues using slot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction amplification assay: genetic evidence that the virus is distinct from canine distemper virus

References

1. Appel M. 1987; Canine distemper virus. In Virus Infections of Vertebrates vol 1 Virus Infections of Carnivores, pp 133–159 Amsterdam: Elsevier;
   [Google Scholar]
2. Barrett T., Shrimpton S., Russell H. 1985; Nucleotide sequence of the entire protein coding region of canine distemper virus polymerase-associated (P) protein mRNA. Virus Research 3:367–372
   [Google Scholar]
3. Barrett T., Subbarao S. M., Belsham G. J., Mahy B. W. J. 1990; The molecular biology of the morbilliviruses. In The Paramyxoviruses pp 83–102 Edited by Kingsbury D. New York: Plenum Press;
   [Google Scholar]
4. Barrett T., Crowther J., Osterhaus A. D. M. E., Subbarao S. M., Groen J., Haas L., Mamaev L. V., Titenko A. M., Grachev M. A., Visser I. K. G., Bostock C. J. 1991; Molecular and serological studies on the recent seal virus epizootics in Europe and Siberia. Science of the Total Environment (in press)
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bellini W. J., Englund G., Rozenblatt S., Arnheiter H., Richardson C. D. 1985; Measles virus P gene codes for two proteins. Journal of Virology 53:908–919
   [Google Scholar]
6. Bergmann A., Järplid B., Svensson B.-M. 1990; Pathological findings indicative of distemper in European seals. Veterinary Microbiology 23:331–341
   [Google Scholar]
7. Blixenkrone-Möller M., Svansson V., Örvell C., Have P. 1990; Phocid distemper virus – a threat to terrestrial mammals?. Veterinary Record 127:263–264
   [Google Scholar]
8. Bostock C. J., Barrett T., Crowther J. R. 1990; Characterization of the European seal morbillivirus. Veterinary Microbiology 23:351–360
   [Google Scholar]
9. Cosby S. L., McQuaid S., Duffy N., Lyons C., Rima B. K., Allan G. M., McCullough S. J., Kennedy S., Smyth J. A., McNeilly F., Örvell C. 1988; Characterization of a seal morbillivirus. Nature, London 336:115–116
   [Google Scholar]
10. Curran M. D., O’Loan D., Rima B. K., Kennedy S. 1990; Nucleotide sequence analysis of phocine distemper virus reveals its distinctness from canine distemper virus. Veterinary Record 127:430–431
    [Google Scholar]
11. Davis L. G., Dibner M. D., Battey J. F. 1986 Basic Methods in Molecular Biology New York: Elsevier.;
    [Google Scholar]
12. De Franchis R., Cross N. C. P., Foulkes N. S., Cox T. M. 1988; A potent inhibitor of Taq polymerase copurifies with the human genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 16:10355
    [Google Scholar]
13. Diallo A., Barrett T., Barbron M., Subbarao S. M., Taylor W. P. 1989; Differentiation of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses using specific cDNA clones. Journal of Virological Methods 23:127–136
    [Google Scholar]
14. Doherty P. J., Huesca-Contreras M. H., Dosch H. M., Pan S. 1989; Rapid amplification of complementary DNA from small amounts of unfractioned RNA. Analytical Biochemistry 177:7–10
    [Google Scholar]
15. Eisenstein B. I. 1990; The polymerase chain reaction. A new method of using molecular genetics for medical diagnosis. New England Journal of Medicine 322:178–183
    [Google Scholar]
16. Frey H.-R., Liess B., Haas L., Lehmann H., Marschall H.-J. 1989; Herpesvirus in harbour seal (Phoca vitulina): isolation, partial characterisation and distribution. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B36:699–708
    [Google Scholar]
17. Haas L., Barrett T., Harder T., Bostock C. J. 1990; Detection of phocine distemper virus using the polymerase chain reaction. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 97:93–95
    [Google Scholar]
18. Harder T., Willhaus Th, Frey H.-R., Liess B. 1990; Morbillivirus infection of seals during the 1988 epidemic in the bay of Heligoland. III. Transmission studies of cell culture-propagated phocine distemper virus in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and a grey seal (Halichoerus grypus): clinical virological and serological results. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B37:641–650
    [Google Scholar]
19. Higushi R. 1989; Rapid, efficient DNA extraction for PCR from cells or blood. Amplifications 2:1–3
    [Google Scholar]
20. Ho-Terry L., Terry G. M., Londesborough P. 1990; Diagnosis of foetal rubella virus infection by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of General Virology 7:1607–1611
    [Google Scholar]
21. Jackson D. P., Lewis F. A, Taylor G., Boylston A. W., Quirke P. 1990; Tissue extraction of DNA and RNA and analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Pathology 43:499–504
    [Google Scholar]
22. Jäger M., Liess B., Harder T., Ising S., Stoye M. 1990; Experimental inoculation of beagle dogs permits serological differentiation of phocine and canine distemper vims. Wiener tierärztliche monatsschrift 77:105–108
    [Google Scholar]
23. Kennedy S., Smyth J. A., Cush P. F., Duignan P., Platten M., McCullough S. J., Allen G. M. 1989; Histopathologic and immunocytochemical studies of distemper in seals. Veterinary Pathology 26:97–103
    [Google Scholar]
24. Liess B., Frey H.-R., Zaghawa A. 1989a; Morbillivirus in seals: isolation and some growth characteristics in cell cultures. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift 96:180–182
    [Google Scholar]
25. Liess B., Frey H.-R., Zaghawa A., Stede M. 1989b; Morbillivirus infection of seals (Phoca vitulina) during the 1988 epidemic in the bay of Heligoland. I. Mode, frequency and significance of cultural virus isolation and neutralising antibody detection. Journal of Veterinary Medicine B36:601–608
    [Google Scholar]
26. Mahy B. W. J., Barrett T., Evans S., Anderson E. C., Bostock C. J. 1988; Characterisation of a seal morbillivirus. Nature, London 336:115
    [Google Scholar]
27. Mitchell W. J., Russell S. E. H., Clark D. K., Rima B. K., Appel M. J. 1987; Identification of negative strand and positive strand RNA of canine distemper virus in animal tissue using single stranded RNA probes. Journal of Virological Methods 18:121–131
    [Google Scholar]
28. Örvell C., Blixenkrone-Möller M., Svansson V., Have P. 1990; Immunological relationships between phocid and canine distemper virus studied with monoclonal antibodies. Journal of General Virology 71:2085–2092
    [Google Scholar]
29. Osterhaus A. D. M. E., Vedder E. J. 1988; Identification of virus causing recent seal death. Nature, London 335:20
    [Google Scholar]
30. Osterhaus A. D. M. E., Groen J., Spijkers H. E. M., Broeders H. W. J., UytdeHaag F. G. C. M., De Vries P., Teppema J. S., Visser I. K. G., Van De Bilt M. W. G., Vedder E. J. 1990; Mass mortality in seals caused by a newly discovered virus-like morbillivirus. Veterinary Microbiology 23:343–350
    [Google Scholar]
31. Rima B. K., Cosby S. L., Duffy N., Lyons C., O’Loan D., Kennedy S., McCullough S. J., Smyth J. A., McNeilly F. 1990; Humoral immune response in seals infected by phocine distemper virus. Research in Veterinary Science 49:114–116
    [Google Scholar]
32. Saiki R. K., Gelfland D. H., Stoffel S., Scharf S. J., Higuchi R., Horn G. T., Mullis K. B., Ehrlich H. A. 1988; Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239:487–491
    [Google Scholar]
33. Sambrook J., Fritsch E. F., Maniatis T. 1989 Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 2nd edn New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory;
    [Google Scholar]
34. Schroeder B. A., Balassu-Chan T. C. 1990; Specific sequence amplification of bovine viral diarrhoea virus nucleic acid. Archives of Virology 111:239–264
    [Google Scholar]
35. Tenover F. C. 1988; Diagnostic deoxyribonucleic acid probes for infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1:82–101
    [Google Scholar]
36. Visser I. K. G., Kumarev V. P., Örvell C., De Vries P., Broeders H. W. J., Van De Bilt M. W. G., Groen J., Teppema J. S., Burger M. C., UytdeHaag F. G. C. M., Osterhaus A. D. M. E. 1990; Comparison of two morbilliviruses isolated from seals during outbreak of distemper in North West Europe and Siberia. Archives of Virology 111:149–164
    [Google Scholar]