RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Bodewes, Rogier A1 Kreijtz, Joost H. C. M. A1 Hillaire, Marine. L. B. A1 Geelhoed-Mieras, Martina M. A1 Fouchier, Ron A. M. A1 Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E. A1 Rimmelzwaan, Guus F.YR 2010 T1 Vaccination with whole inactivated virus vaccine affects the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus A/H5N1 and immunodominance of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice JF Journal of General Virology, VO 91 IS 7 SP 1743 OP 1753 DO https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.020784-0 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1465-2099, AB It was recently shown that the use of an experimental subunit vaccine protected mice against infection with a human A/H3N2 influenza virus, but consequently affected the induction of heterosubtypic immunity to a highly pathogenic A/H5N1 influenza virus, which was otherwise induced by the A/H3N2 infection. As whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines are widely used to protect against seasonal influenza and also contain inner viral proteins such as the nucleoprotein (NP), the potential of a WIV vaccine to induce protective immunity against infection was tested with a homologous A/H3N2 (A/Hong Kong/2/68) and a heterosubtypic A/H5N1 influenza virus (A/Indonesia/5/05). As expected, the vaccine afforded protection against infection with the A/H3N2 virus only. In addition, it was demonstrated that the use of WIV vaccine for protection against A/H3N2 infection affected the induction of heterosubtypic immunity that was otherwise afforded by A/H3N2 influenza virus infection. The reduction in protective immunity correlated with changes in the immunodominance patterns of the CD8+ T-cell responses directed to the epitopes located in the acid polymerase subunit of the viral RNA polymerase (PA224–233) and the NP (NP366–374). In unvaccinated mice that experienced infection with the A/H3N2 influenza virus, the magnitude of the CD8+ T-cell response to both peptides was similar on secondary infection with A/H5N1 influenza virus. In contrast, prior vaccination with WIV affected the immunodominance pattern and skewed the response after infection with influenza virus A/Indonesia/5/05 towards a dominant NP366–374-specific response. These findings may have implications for vaccination strategies aimed at the induction of protective immunity to seasonal and/or pandemic influenza., UL https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.020784-0