1887

Abstract

The genus , family , includes a number of important arthropod-transmitted human pathogens such as dengue viruses, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. In addition, the genus includes flaviviruses without a known vertebrate reservoir, which have been detected only in insects, particularly in mosquitoes, such as cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus, flavivirus, flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, Nakiwogo virus and Calbertado virus. Reports of the detection of these viruses with no recognized pathogenic role in humans are increasing in mosquitoes collected around the world, particularly in those sampled in entomological surveys targeting pathogenic flaviviruses. The presence of six potential flaviviruses, detected from independent European arbovirus surveys undertaken in the Czech Republic, Italy,Portugal, Spain and the UK between 2007 and 2010, is reported in this work. Whilst the flaviviruses, detected in Italy from mosquitoes, had already been isolated in Japan, the remaining five viruses have not been reported previously: one was detected in Italy, Portugal and Spain from mosquitoes (particularly from ), one in Portugal and Spain from mosquitoes, one in the Czech Republic and Italy from , one in the Czech Republic from and the last in the UK from . Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship of these putative viruses to other insect-only flaviviruses.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.040485-0
2012-06-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/93/6/1215.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.040485-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Altschul S. F., Madden T. L., Schäffer A. A., Zhang J., Zhang Z., Miller W., Lipman D. J. 1997; Gapped blast and psi-blast: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389–3402 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Becker N., Petric D., Zgomba M., Boase C., Madon M., Dahl C., Kaiser A. 2010 Mosquitoes and Their Control, 2nd edn. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; [View Article]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Blitvich B. J., Lin M., Dorman K. S., Soto V., Hovav E., Tucker B. J., Staley M., Platt K. B., Bartholomay L. C. 2009; Genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Culex flavivirus, an insect-specific flavivirus, isolated from Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iowa. J Med Entomol 46:934–941 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bolling B. G., Eisen L., Moore C. G., Blair C. D. 2011; Insect-specific flaviviruses from Culex mosquitoes in Colorado, with evidence of vertical transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:169–177 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Briese T., Jia X. Y., Huang C., Grady L. J., Lipkin W. I. 1999; Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile-like flavivirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis. Lancet 354:1261–1262 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Briese T., Rambaut A., Pathmajeyan M., Bishara J., Weinberger M., Pitlik S., Lipkin W. I. 2002; Phylogenetic analysis of a human isolate from the 2000 Israel West Nile virus epidemic. Emerg Infect Dis 8:528–531[PubMed] [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Calzolari M., Bonilauri P., Bellini R., Caimi M., Defilippo F., Maioli G., Albieri A., Medici A., Veronesi R. other authors 2010a; Arboviral survey of mosquitoes in two northern Italian regions in 2007 and 2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:875–884 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Calzolari M., Bonilauri P., Bellini R., Albieri A., Defilippo F., Maioli G., Galletti G., Gelati A., Barbieri I. other authors 2010b; Evidence of simultaneous circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes sampled in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2009. PLoS ONE 5:e14324 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cammisa-Parks H., Cisar L. A., Kane A., Stollar V. 1992; The complete nucleotide sequence of cell fusing agent (CFA): homology between the nonstructural proteins encoded by CFA and the nonstructural proteins encoded by arthropod-borne flaviviruses. Virology 189:511–524 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cook S., Holmes E. C. 2006; A multigene analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the flaviviruses (Family: Flaviviridae) and the evolution of vector transmission. Arch Virol 151:309–325 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cook S., Bennett S. N., Holmes E. C., De Chesse R., Moureau G., de Lamballerie X. 2006; Isolation of a new strain of the flavivirus cell fusing agent virus in a natural mosquito population from Puerto Rico. J Gen Virol 87:735–748 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Cook S., Moureau G., Harbach R. E., Mukwaya L., Goodger K., Ssenfuka F., Gould E., Holmes E. C., de Lamballerie X. 2009; Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda. J Gen Virol 90:2669–2678 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cook S., Moureau G., Kitchen A., Gould E. A., de Lamballerie X., Holmes E. C., Harbach R. E. 2012; Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 93:223–234 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Crabtree M. B., Sang R. C., Stollar V., Dunster L. M., Miller B. R. 2003; Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the newly described insect flavivirus, Kamiti River virus. Arch Virol 148:1095–1118 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Crabtree M. B., Nga P. T., Miller B. R. 2009; Isolation and characterization of a new mosquito flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, from Vietnam. Arch Virol 154:857–860 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Crochu S., Cook S., Attoui H., Charrel R. N., De Chesse R., Belhouchet M., Lemasson J. J., de Micco P., de Lamballerie X. 2004; Sequences of flavivirus-related RNA viruses persist in DNA form integrated in the genome of Aedes spp. mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 85:1971–1980 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Encinas Grandes A. 1982; Taxonomía y biología de los mosquitos del área salmantina (Diptera: Culicidae). Edited by Universidad de Salamanca. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada..
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Espinoza-Gómez F., López-Lemus A. U., Rodriguez-Sanchez I. P., Martinez-Fierro M. L., Newton-Sánchez O. A., Chávez-Flores E., Delgado-Enciso I. 2011; Detection of sequences from a potentially novel strain of cell fusing agent virus in Mexican Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti mosquitoes. Arch Virol 156:1263–1267 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Farfan-Ale J. A., Loroño-Pino M. A., Garcia-Rejon J. E., Hovav E., Powers A. M., Lin M., Dorman K. S., Platt K. B., Bartholomay L. C. other authors 2009; Detection of RNA from a novel West Nile-like virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80:85–95[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Figuerola J., Soriguer R., Rojo G., Gómez Tejedor C., Jimenez-Clavero M. A. 2007; Seroconversion in wild birds and local circulation of West Nile virus, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1915–1917[PubMed] [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hawley W. A., Reiter P., Copeland R. S., Pumpuni C. B., Craig G. B. Jr 1987; Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science 236:1114–1116 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Hoshino K., Isawa H., Tsuda Y., Yano K., Sasaki T., Yuda M., Takasaki T., Kobayashi M., Sawabe K. 2007; Genetic characterization of a new insect flavivirus isolated from Culex pipiens mosquito in Japan. Virology 359:405–414 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hoshino K., Isawa H., Tsuda Y., Sawabe K., Kobayashi M. 2009; Isolation and characterization of a new insect flavivirus from Aedes albopictus and Aedes flavopictus mosquitoes in Japan. Virology 391:119–129 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hubálek Z., Rudolf I., Bakonyi T., Kazdová K., Halouzka J., Sebesta O., Sikutová S., Juricová Z., Nowotny N. 2010; Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) surveillance for arboviruses in an area endemic for West Nile (lineage Rabensburg) and Tahyna viruses in Central Europe. J Med Entomol 47:466–472 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Igarashi A., Harrap K. A., Casals J., Stollar V. 1976; Morphological, biochemical, and serological studies on a viral agent (CFA) which replicates in and causes fusion of Aedes albopictus (Singh) cells. Virology 74:174–187 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Johnson N., Wakeley P. R., Mansfield K. L., McCracken F., Haxton B., Phipps L. P., Fooks A. R. 2010; Assessment of a novel real-time pan-flavivirus RT-polymerase chain reaction. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:665–671 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Katzourakis A., Gifford R. J. 2010; Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes. PLoS Genet 6:e1001191 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Kent R. J., Crabtree M. B., Miller B. R. 2010; Transmission of West Nile virus by Culex quinquefasciatus Say infected with Culex Flavivirus Izabal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e671 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Kim D. Y., Guzman H., Bueno R. Jr, Dennett J. A., Auguste A. J., Carrington C. V., Popov V. L., Weaver S. C., Beasley D. W., Tesh R. B. 2009; Characterization of Culex Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) strains isolated from mosquitoes in the United States and Trinidad. Virology 386:154–159 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Kramář J. 1958 Bitting mosquitoes – Culicidae, Fauna ČSR vol. 13 Praha: Nakladatelství ČSAV;
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Lutomiah J. J., Mwandawiro C., Magambo J., Sang R. C. 2007; Infection and vertical transmission of Kamiti river virus in laboratory bred Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. J Insect Sci 7:1–7 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Morales-Betoulle M. E., Monzón Pineda M. L., Sosa S. M., Panella N., López M. R., Cordón-Rosales C., Komar N., Powers A., Johnson B. W. 2008; Culex flavivirus isolates from mosquitoes in Guatemala. J Med Entomol 45:1187–1190 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Newman C. M., Cerutti F., Anderson T. K., Hamer G. L., Walker E. D., Kitron U. D., Ruiz M. O., Brawn J. D., Goldberg T. L. 2011; Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus mosquito coinfection and positive ecological association in Chicago, United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11:1099–1105 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Pabbaraju K., Ho K. C., Wong S., Fox J. D., Kaplen B., Tyler S., Drebot M., Tilley P. A. 2009; Surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses in Alberta using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with generic primers. J Med Entomol 46:640–648 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Rai K. S. 1991; Aedes albopictus in the Americas. Annu Rev Entomol 36:459–484 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Ribeiro H., Ramos H. C. 1999; Identification keys of the mosquitoes of Continental Portugal, Açores and Madeira. Eur Mosq Bull 3:1–11
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Roiz D., Vázquez A., Seco M. P., Tenorio A., Rizzoli A. 2009; Detection of novel insect flavivirus sequences integrated in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Italy. Virol J 6:93 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Sánchez-Seco M. P., Vázquez A., Collao X., Hernández L., Aranda C., Ruiz S., Escosa R., Marqués E., Bustillo M. A. other authors 2010; Surveillance of arboviruses in Spanish wetlands: detection of new flavi- and phleboviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:203–206 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Sang R. C., Gichogo A., Gachoya J., Dunster M. D., Ofula V., Hunt A. R., Crabtree M. B., Miller B. R., Dunster L. M. 2003; Isolation of a new flavivirus related to cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) from field-collected flood-water Aedes mosquitoes sampled from a dambo in central Kenya. Arch Virol 148:1085–1093 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Savage H. M., Strickman D. 2004; The genus and subgenus categories within Culicidae and placement of Ochlerotatus as a subgenus of Aedes . J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20:208–214[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Scaramozzino N., Crance J. M., Jouan A., DeBriel D. A., Stoll F., Garin D. 2001; Comparison of flavivirus universal primer pairs and development of a rapid, highly sensitive heminested reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of flaviviruses targeted to a conserved region of the NS5 gene sequences. J Clin Microbiol 39:1922–1927 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Schaffner E., Angel G., Geoffroy B., Hervy J.-P., Rhaiem A., Brunhes J. 2001 The Mosquitoes of Europe: an Identification and Training Programme [CD-ROM] Montpellier: IRD Éditions & EID. Méditerrannée;
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Severini F., Toma L., Di Luca M., Romi R. 2009; Le zanzare italiane: generalità e identificazione degli adulti (Diptera, Culicidae). Fragm Entomol 41:213–372
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Shroyer D. A., Rosen L. 1983; Extrachromosomal inheritance of carbon dioxide sensitivity in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus . Genetics 104:649–659[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Snow K. R. 1990 Mosquitoes. Naturalists’ Handbooks Series London: Richmond Publishers;
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Stojanovich C. J., Scott H. G. 1997; Mosquitoes of Italy: Mosquitoes of the Italian Biogeographical Area which Includes the Republic of Malta, the French Island of Corsica and All of Italy Except the Far Northern Provinces. Published by the authors..
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Stollar V., Thomas V. L. 1975; An agent in the Aedes aegypti cell line (Peleg) which causes fusion of Aedes albopictus cells. Virology 64:367–377 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Sutherland G. L., Nasci R. S. 2007; Detection of West Nile virus in large pools of mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 23:389–395 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M., Kumar S. 2011; mega5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28:2731–2739 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Tyler S., Bolling B. G., Blair C. D., Brault A. C., Pabbaraju K., Armijos M. V., Clark D. C., Calisher C. H., Drebot M. A. 2011; Distribution and phylogenetic comparisons of a novel mosquito flavivirus sequence present in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes from western Canada with viruses isolated in California and Colorado. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:162–168 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Vazeille M. C., Rosen L., Guillon J. C. 1988; An orbivirus of mosquitoes which induces CO2 sensitivity in mosquitoes and is lethal for rabbits. J Virol 62:3484–3487[PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Vázquez A., Ruiz S., Herrero L., Moreno J., Molero F., Magallanes A., Sánchez-Seco M. P., Figuerola J., Tenorio A. 2011; West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes in Spain, 2008–2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:178–181 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Vázquez A., Sánchez-Seco M. P., Palacios G., Molero F., Reyes N., Ruiz S., Aranda C., Marqués E., Escosa R. other authors 2012; Novel flaviviruses detected in different species of mosquitoes in Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:223–229 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Weaver S. C., Reisen W. K. 2010; Present and future arboviral threats. Antiviral Res 85:328–345 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.040485-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.040485-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error