1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 94, Issue 3

From Stockholm to Malawi: recent developments in studying human polyomaviruses Open Access

Abstract

Until a few years ago the polyomavirus family () included a dozen viruses identified in avian and mammalian hosts. Two of these, the JC and BK-polyomaviruses isolated a long time ago, are known to infect humans and cause severe illness in immunocompromised hosts. Since 2007 an unprecedented number of eight novel polyomaviruses were discovered in humans. Among them are the KI- and WU-polyomaviruses identified in respiratory samples, the Merkel cell polyomavirus found in skin carcinomas and the polyomavirus associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa, a skin disease of transplant patients. Another four novel human polyomaviruses were identified, HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9 and the Malawi polyomavirus, so far not associated with any disease. In the same period several novel mammalian polyomaviruses were described. This review summarizes the recent developments in studying the novel human polyomaviruses, and touches upon several aspects of polyomavirus virology, pathogenicity, epidemiology and phylogeny.

  • Published Online:
© 2013 SGM
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.048462-0
2013-03-01
2024-04-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/94/3/482.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.048462-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Allander T., Tammi M. T., Eriksson M., Bjerkner A., Tiveljung-Lindell A., Andersson B. 2005; Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:12891–12896 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Allander T., Andreasson K., Gupta S., Bjerkner A., Bogdanovic G., Persson M. A., Dalianis T., Ramqvist T., Andersson B. 2007; Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J Virol 81:4130–4136 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Andrabi S., Hwang J. H., Choe J. K., Roberts T. M., Schaffhausen B. S. 2011; Comparisons between murine polyomavirus and Simian virus 40 show significant differences in small T antigen function. J Virol 85:10649–10658 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Arora R., Chang Y., Moore P. S. 2012; MCV and Merkel cell carcinoma: a molecular success story. Curr Opin Virol 2:489–498 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Babakir-Mina M., Ciccozzi M., Perno C. F., Perno C. F., Ciotti M. 2011; The novel KI, WU, MC polyomaviruses: possible human pathogens?. New Microbiol 34:1–8[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bauman Y., Nachmani D., Vitenshtein A., Tsukerman P., Stern-Ginossar N., Lankry D., Gruda R., Mandelboim O. 2011; An identical miRNA of the human JC and BK polyoma viruses targets the stress-induced ligand ULBP3 to escape immune elimination. Cell Host Microbe 9:93–102 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Baker T. S., Drak J., Bina M. 1989; The capsid of small papova viruses contains 72 pentameric capsomeres: direct evidence from cryo-electron-microscopy of simian virus 40. Biophys J 55:243–253 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bennett S. M., Broekema N. M., Imperiale M. J. 2012; BK polyomavirus: emerging pathogen. Microbes Infect 14:672–683 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Bernard H. U., Burk R. D., Chen Z., van Doorslaer K., Hausen H., de Villiers E. M. 2010; Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology 401:70–79 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bhatia K., Goedert J. J., Modali R., Preiss L., Ayers L. W. 2010; Merkel cell carcinoma subgroups by Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA relative abundance and oncogene expression. Int J Cancer 126:2240–2246[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Bialasiewicz S., Whiley D. M., Lambert S. B., Jacob K., Bletchly C., Wang D., Nissen M. D., Sloots T. P. 2008; Presence of the newly discovered human polyomaviruses KI and WU in Australian patients with acute respiratory tract infection. J Clin Virol 41:63–68 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bloomgren G., Richman S., Hotermans C., Subramanyam M., Goelz S., Natarajan A., Lee S., Plavina T., Scanlon J. V. other authors 2012; Risk of natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 366:1870–1880 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Bozeman L. H., Davis R. B., Gaudry D., Lukert P. D., Fletcher O. J., Dykstra M. J. 1981; Characterization of a papovavirus isolated from fledgling budgerigars. Avian Dis 25:972–980 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Buchkovich N. J., Yu Y., Zampieri C. A., Alwine J. C. 2008; The TORrid affairs of viruses: effects of mammalian DNA viruses on the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling pathway. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:266–275 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Buck C. B., Phan G. Q., Raiji M. T., Murphy P. M., McDermott D. H., McBride A. A. 2012; Complete genome sequence of a tenth human polyomavirus. J Virol 86:10887 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Carter J. J., Paulson K. G., Wipf G. C., Miranda D., Madeleine M. M., Johnson L. G., Lemos B. D., Lee S., Warcola A. H. other authors 2009; Association of Merkel cell polyomavirus-specific antibodies with Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 101:1510–1522 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Chang Y., Moore P. S. 2012; Merkel cell carcinoma: a virus-induced human cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 7:123–144 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Chastain M. A., Millikan L. E. 2000; Pilomatrix dysplasia in an immunosuppressed patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 43:118–122 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Chen Y., Sharp P. M., Fowkes M., Kocher O., Joseph J. T., Koralnik I. J. 2004; Analysis of 15 novel full-length BK virus sequences from three individuals: evidence of a high intra-strain genetic diversity. J Gen Virol 85:2651–2663 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Chen T., Hedman L., Mattila P. S., Jartti T., Ruuskanen O., Söderlund-Venermo M., Hedman K. 2011a; Serological evidence of Merkel cell polyomavirus primary infections in childhood. J Clin Virol 50:125–129 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen T., Mattila P. S., Jartti T., Ruuskanen O., Söderlund-Venermo M., Hedman K. 2011b; Seroepidemiology of the newly found trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. J Infect Dis 204:1523–1526 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Colegrove K. M., Wellehan J. F. X. Jr, Rivera R., Moore P. F., Gulland F. M. D., Lowenstine L. J., Nordhausen R. W., Nollens H. H. 2010; Polyomavirus infection in a free-ranging California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with intestinal T-cell lymphoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:628–632 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Csoma E., Mészáros B., Asztalos L., Kónya J., Gergely L. 2011; Prevalence of WU and KI polyomaviruses in plasma, urine, and respiratory samples from renal transplant patients. J Med Virol 83:1275–1278 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Daniels R., Sadowicz D., Hebert D. N. 2007; A very late viral protein triggers the lytic release of SV40. PLoS Pathog 3:e98 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Dawe C. J., Freund R., Mandel G., Ballmer-Hofer K., Talmage D. A., Benjamin T. L. 1987; Variations in polyoma virus genotype in relation to tumor induction in mice. Characterization of wild type strains with widely differing tumor profiles. Am J Pathol 127:243–261[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Delbue S., Tremolada S., Branchetti E., Elia F., Gualco E., Marchioni E., Maserati R., Ferrante P. 2008; First identification and molecular characterization of lymphotropic polyomavirus in peripheral blood from patients with leukoencephalopathies. J Clin Microbiol 46:2461–2462 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Deuzing I., Fagrouch Z., Groenewoud M. J., Niphuis H., Kondova I., Bogers W., Verschoor E. J. 2010; Detection and characterization of two chimpanzee polyomavirus genotypes from different subspecies. Virol J 7:347 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Eddy B. E., Borman G. S., Grubbs G. E., Young R. D. 1962; Identification of the oncogenic substance in rhesus monkey kidney cell culture as simian virus 40. Virology 17:65–75 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Egli A., Infanti L., Dumoulin A., Buser A., Samaridis J., Stebler C., Gosert R., Hirsch H. H. 2009; Prevalence of polyomavirus BK and JC infection and replication in 400 healthy blood donors. J Infect Dis 199:837–846 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Fagrouch Z., Sarwari R., Lavergne A., Delaval M., de Thoisy B., Lacoste V., Verschoor E. J. 2012; Novel polyomaviruses in South American bats and their relationship to other members of the family Polyomaviridae . J Gen Virol 93:2652–2657 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Feng H., Taylor J. L., Benos P. V., Newton R., Waddell K., Lucas S. B., Chang Y., Moore P. S. 2007; Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma. J Virol 81:11332–11340 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Feng H., Shuda M., Chang Y., Moore P. S. 2008; Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 319:1096–1100 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Firth C., Kitchen A., Shapiro B., Suchard M. A., Holmes E. C., Rambaut A. 2010; Using time-structured data to estimate evolutionary rates of double-stranded DNA viruses. Mol Biol Evol 27:2038–2051 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Fischer M. K., Kao G. F., Nguyen H. P., Drachenberg C. B., Rady P. L., Tyring S. K., Gaspari A. A. 2012; Specific detection of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus DNA in skin and renal allograft tissues in a patient with trichodysplasia spinulosa. Arch Dermatol 148:726–733 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Forslund O. 2007; Genetic diversity of cutaneous human papillomaviruses. J Gen Virol 88:2662–2669 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Foulongne V., Courgnaud V., Champeau W., Segondy M. 2011; Detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus on environmental surfaces. J Med Virol 83:1435–1439 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Freund R., Dawe C. J., Carroll J. P., Benjamin T. L. 1992; Changes in frequency, morphology, and behavior of tumors induced in mice by a polyoma virus mutant with a specifically altered oncogene. Am J Pathol 141:1409–1425[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Gardner S. D., Field A. M., Coleman D. V., Hulme B. 1971; New human papovavirus (B.K.) isolated from urine after renal transplantation. Lancet 297:1253–1257 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Gaynor A. M., Nissen M. D., Whiley D. M., Mackay I. M., Lambert S. B., Wu G., Brennan D. C., Storch G. A., Sloots T. P., Wang D. 2007; Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathog 3:e64 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Girardi A. J., Sweet B. H., Slotnick V. B., Hilleman M. R. 1962; Development of tumors in hamsters inoculated in the neonatal period with vacuolating virus, SV-40. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 109:649–660[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Gosert R., Kardas P., Major E. O., Hirsch H. H. 2010; Rearranged JC virus noncoding control regions found in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patient samples increase virus early gene expression and replication rate. J Virol 84:10448–10456 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Graffi A., Schramm T., Bender E., Bierwolf D., Graffi I. 1967; [On a new virus containing skin tumor in golden hamster]. Arch Geschwulstforsch 30:277–283[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Groenewoud M. J., Fagrouch Z., van Gessel S., Niphuis H., Bulavaite A., Warren K. S., Heeney J. L., Verschoor E. J. 2010; Characterization of novel polyomaviruses from Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans. J Gen Virol 91:653–658 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Gross L. 1953; A filterable agent, recovered from Ak leukemic extracts, causing salivary gland carcinomas in C3H mice. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 83:414–421[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Guerin J. L., Gelfi J., Dubois L., Vuillaume A., Boucraut-Baralon C., Pingret J. L. 2000; A novel polyomavirus (goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus) is the agent of hemorrhagic nephritis enteritis of geese. J Virol 74:4523–4529 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Halami M. Y., Dorrestein G. M., Couteel P., Heckel G., Müller H., Johne R. 2010; Whole-genome characterization of a novel polyomavirus detected in fatally diseased canary birds. J Gen Virol 91:3016–3022 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Hall B. J., Pincus L. B., Yu S. S., Oh D. H., Wilson A. R., McCalmont T. H. 2012; Immunohistochemical prognostication of Merkel cell carcinoma: p63 expression but not polyomavirus status correlates with outcome. J Cutan Pathol 39:911–917 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Haugg A. M., Speel E. J. M., Pantulu N. D., Pallasch C., Kurz A. K., Kvasnicka H. M., Cathomas G., Wendtner C. M., zur Hausen A. 2011; Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirms the presence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 117:5776–5777 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Haycox C. L., Kim S., Fleckman P., Smith L. T., Piepkorn M., Sundberg J. P., Howell D. N., Miller S. E. 1999; Trichodysplasia spinulosa – a newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4:268–271 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Hirsch H. H., Randhawa P. AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice 2009; BK virus in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 9:Suppl. 4S136–S146 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Houben R., Shuda M., Weinkam R., Schrama D., Feng H., Chang Y., Moore P. S., Becker J. C. 2010; Merkel cell polyomavirus-infected Merkel cell carcinoma cells require expression of viral T antigens. J Virol 84:7064–7072 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Howard R. A., Dores G. M., Curtis R. E., Anderson W. F., Travis L. B. 2006; Merkel cell carcinoma and multiple primary cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1545–1549 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Imajoh M., Hashida Y., Taniguchi A., Kamioka M., Daibata M. 2012; Novel human polyomaviruses, Merkel cell polyomavirus and human polyomavirus 9, in Japanese chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases. J Hematol Oncol 5:25 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Imperiale M. J., Major E. O. 2007; Polyomaviruses. In Fields Virology, 5th edn. pp. 2263–2298 Edited by Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Iyer J. G., Afanasiev O. K., McClurkan C., Paulson K. G., Nagase K., Jing L., Marshak J. O., Dong L., Carter J. J. other authors 2011; Merkel cell polyomavirus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses identified in Merkel cell carcinomas and blood. Clin Cancer Res 17:6671–6680 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Izakovic J., Büchner S. A., Düggelin M., Guggenheim R., Itin P. H. 1995; [Hair-like hyperkeratoses in patients with kidney transplants. A new cyclosporin side-effect]. Hautarzt 46:841–846 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Johne R., Müller H. 2007; Polyomaviruses of birds: etiologic agents of inflammatory diseases in a tumor virus family. J Virol 81:11554–11559 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Johne R., Wittig W., Fernández-de-Luco D., Höfle U., Müller H. 2006; Characterization of two novel polyomaviruses of birds by using multiply primed rolling-circle amplification of their genomes. J Virol 80:3523–3531 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Johne R., Müller H., Rector A., van Ranst M., Stevens H. 2009; Rolling-circle amplification of viral DNA genomes using phi29 polymerase. Trends Microbiol 17:205–211 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Johne R., Buck C. B., Allander T., Atwood W. J., Garcea R. L., Imperiale M. J., Major E. O., Ramqvist T., Norkin L. C. 2011; Taxonomical developments in the family Polyomaviridae . Arch Virol 156:1627–1634 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Kaae J., Hansen A. V., Biggar R. J., Boyd H. A., Moore P. S., Wohlfahrt J., Melbye M. 2010; Merkel cell carcinoma: incidence, mortality, and risk of other cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 102:793–801 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Kanitakis J., Kazem S., Van Der Meijden E., Feltkamp M. C. 2011; Absence of the trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus in human pilomatricomas. Eur J Dermatol 21:453–454[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Kantola K., Sadeghi M., Ewald M. J., Weissbrich B., Allander T., Lindau C., Andreasson K., Lahtinen A., Kumar A. other authors 2010; Expression and serological characterization of polyomavirus WUPyV and KIPyV structural proteins. Viral Immunol 23:385–393 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Kazem S., van der Meijden E., Kooijman S., Rosenberg A. S., Hughey L. C., Browning J. C., Sadler G., Busam K., Pope E. other authors 2012; Trichodysplasia spinulosa is characterized by active polyomavirus infection. J Clin Virol 53:225–230 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Kean J. M., Rao S., Wang M., Garcea R. L. 2009; Seroepidemiology of human polyomaviruses. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000363 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Kilham L., Murphy H. W. 1953; A pneumotropic virus isolated from C3H mice carrying the Bittner Milk Agent. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 82:133–137[PubMed] [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Koljonen V., Kukko H., Pukkala E., Sankila R., Böhling T., Tukiainen E., Sihto H., Joensuu H. 2009; Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients have a high risk of Merkel-cell polyomavirus DNA-positive Merkel-cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 101:1444–1447 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Korajkic A., Brownell M. J., Harwood V. J. 2011; Investigation of human sewage pollution and pathogen analysis at Florida Gulf coast beaches. J Appl Microbiol 110:174–183 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Krumbholz A., Bininda-Emonds O. R., Wutzler P., Zell R. 2008; Evolution of four BK virus subtypes. Infect Genet Evol 8:632–643 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Krumbholz A., Bininda-Emonds O. R., Wutzler P., Zell R. 2009; Phylogenetics, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses. Infect Genet Evol 9:784–799 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Kumar A., Chen T., Pakkanen S., Kantele A., Söderlund-Venermo M., Hedman K., Franssila R. 2011; T-helper cell-mediated proliferation and cytokine responses against recombinant Merkel cell polyomavirus-like particles. PLoS ONE 6:e25751 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Laude H. C., Jonchère B., Maubec E., Carlotti A., Marinho E., Couturaud B., Peter M., Sastre-Garau X., Avril M. F. other authors 2010; Distinct Merkel cell polyomavirus molecular features in tumour and non tumour specimens from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. PLoS Pathog 6:e1001076 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  73. Leavitt A. D., Roberts T. M., Garcea R. L. 1985; Polyoma virus major capsid protein, VP1. Purification after high level expression in Escherichia coli . J Biol Chem 260:12803–12809[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Lee J. S., Frederiksen P., Kossard S. 2008; Progressive trichodysplasia spinulosa in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in remission. Australas J Dermatol 49:57–60 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Lee S., Paulson K. G., Murchison E. P., Afanasiev O. K., Alkan C., Leonard J. H., Byrd D. R., Hannon G. J., Nghiem P. 2011; Identification and validation of a novel mature microRNA encoded by the Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas. J Clin Virol 52:272–275 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Leendertz F. H., Scuda N., Cameron K. N., Kidega T., Zuberbühler K., Leendertz S. A., Couacy-Hymann E., Boesch C., Calvignac S., Ehlers B. 2011; African great apes are naturally infected with polyomaviruses closely related to Merkel cell polyomavirus. J Virol 85:916–924 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Major E. O. 2010; Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients on immunomodulatory therapies. Annu Rev Med 61:35–47 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Malherbe H., Harwin R. 1963; The cytopathic effects of vervet monkey viruses. S Afr Med J 37:407–411[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Martel-Jantin C., Filippone C., Cassar O., Peter M., Tomasic G., Vielh P., Brière J., Petrella T., Aubriot-Lorton M. H. other authors 2012; Genetic variability and integration of Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinoma. Virology 426:134–142 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Matthews M. R., Wang R. C., Reddick R. L., Saldivar V. A., Browning J. C. 2011; Viral-associated trichodysplasia spinulosa: a case with electron microscopic and molecular detection of the trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated human polyomavirus. J Cutan Pathol 38:420–431 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Misra V., Dumonceaux T., Dubois J., Willis C., Nadin-Davis S., Severini A., Wandeler A., Lindsay R., Artsob H. 2009; Detection of polyoma and corona viruses in bats of Canada. J Gen Virol 90:2015–2022 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Neu U., Stehle T., Atwood W. J. 2009; The Polyomaviridae: Contributions of virus structure to our understanding of virus receptors and infectious entry. Virology 384:389–399 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Nguyen N. L., Le B. M., Wang D. 2009; Serologic evidence of frequent human infection with WU and KI polyomaviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 15:1199–1205 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Nicol J. T., Touzé A., Robinot R., Arnold F., Mazzoni E., Tognon M., Coursaget P. 2012; Seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of human polyomavirus 9. Emerg Infect Dis 18:1329–1332 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Norkin L. C., Allander T., Atwood W. J., Buck C. B., Garcea R. L., Imperiale M. J., Johne R., Major E. O., Pipas J. M., Ramqvist T. 2012; Family Polyomaviridae. In Virus Taxonomy, Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses pp. 279–290 Edited by King A. M. Q., Adams M. J., Carstens E. B., Lefkowitz E. J. London, UK: Academic Press;
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Orba Y., Kobayashi S., Nakamura I., Ishii A., Hang’ombe B. M., Mweene A. S., Thomas Y., Kimura T., Sawa H. 2011; Detection and characterization of a novel polyomavirus in wild rodents. J Gen Virol 92:789–795 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Osswald S. S., Kulick K. B., Tomaszewski M. M., Sperling L. C. 2007; Viral-associated trichodysplasia in a patient with lymphoma: a case report and review. J Cutan Pathol 34:721–725 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Padgett B. L., Zurhein G. M., Walker D. L., Eckroade R. J., Dessel B. H. 1971; Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Lancet 297:1257–1260 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Pancaldi C., Corazzari V., Maniero S., Mazzoni E., Comar M., Martini F., Tognon M. 2011; Merkel cell polyomavirus DNA sequences in the buffy coats of healthy blood donors. Blood 117:7099–7101 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Pantulu N. D., Pallasch C. P., Kurz A. K., Kassem A., Frenzel L., Sodenkamp S., Kvasnicka H. M., Wendtner C. M., Zur Hausen A. 2010; Detection of a novel truncating Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen deletion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 116:5280–5284 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Pastrana D. V., Tolstov Y. L., Becker J. C., Moore P. S., Chang Y., Buck C. B. 2009; Quantitation of human seroresponsiveness to Merkel cell polyomavirus. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000578 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Paulson K. G., Carter J. J., Johnson L. G., Cahill K. W., Iyer J. G., Schrama D., Becker J. C., Madeleine M. M., Nghiem P., Galloway D. A. 2010; Antibodies to Merkel cell polyomavirus T antigen oncoproteins reflect tumor burden in Merkel cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Res 70:8388–8397 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Pawlita M., Clad A., zur Hausen H. 1985; Complete DNA sequence of lymphotropic papovavirus: prototype of a new species of the polyomavirus genus. Virology 143:196–211 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Pérez-Losada M., Christensen R. G., McClellan D. A., Adams B. J., Viscidi R. P., Demma J. C., Crandall K. A. 2006; Comparing phylogenetic codivergence between polyomaviruses and their hosts. J Virol 80:5663–5669 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Raghava S., Giorda K. M., Romano F. B., Heuck A. P., Hebert D. N. 2011; The SV40 late protein VP4 is a viroporin that forms pores to disrupt membranes for viral release. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002116 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Rao S., Garcea R. L., Robinson C. C., Simões E. A. F. 2011; WU and KI polyomavirus infections in pediatric hematology/oncology patients with acute respiratory tract illness. J Clin Virol 52:28–32 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Reissig M., Kelly T. J. Jr, Daniel R. W., Rangan S. R., Shah K. V. 1976; Identification of the stumptailed macaque virus as a new papovavirus. Infect Immun 14:225–231[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Renshaw R. W., Wise A. G., Maes R. K., Dubovi E. J. 2012; Complete genome sequence of a polyomavirus isolated from horses. J Virol 86:8903 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  99. Sadler G. M., Halbert A. R., Smith N., Rogers M. 2007; Trichodysplasia spinulosa associated with chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Australas J Dermatol 48:110–114 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  100. Sanjuán N. A., Símula S., Casas J., Woscoff A. 2010; Detection of polyomavirus major capsid antigen (VP-1) in human pilomatricomas. Medicina (B Aires) 70:159–162[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Sastre-Garau X., Peter M., Avril M. F., Laude H., Couturier J., Rozenberg F., Almeida A., Boitier F., Carlotti A. other authors 2009; Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin: pathological and molecular evidence for a causative role of MCV in oncogenesis. J Pathol 218:48–56 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  102. Sauvage V., Foulongne V., Cheval J., Ar Gouilh M., Pariente K., Dereure O., Manuguerra J. C., Richardson J., Lecuit M. other authors 2011; Human polyomavirus related to African green monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1364–1370[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Schowalter R. M., Pastrana D. V., Pumphrey K. A., Moyer A. L., Buck C. B. 2010; Merkel cell polyomavirus and two previously unknown polyomaviruses are chronically shed from human skin. Cell Host Microbe 7:509–515 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Schowalter R. M., Pastrana D. V., Buck C. B. 2011; Glycosaminoglycans and sialylated glycans sequentially facilitate Merkel cell polyomavirus infectious entry. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002161 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Schrama D., Peitsch W. K., Zapatka M., Kneitz H., Houben R., Eib S., Haferkamp S., Moore P. S., Shuda M. other authors 2011; Merkel cell polyomavirus status is not associated with clinical course of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 131:1631–1638 [CrossRef]
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Schrama D., Ugurel S., Becker J. C. 2012; Merkel cell carcinoma: recent insights and new treatment options. Curr Opin Oncol 24:141–149 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  107. Scuda N., Hofmann J., Calvignac-Spencer S., Ruprecht K., Liman P., Kühn J., Hengel H., Ehlers B. 2011; A novel human polyomavirus closely related to the African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. J Virol 85:4586–4590 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Seo G. J., Chen C. J., Sullivan C. S. 2009; Merkel cell polyomavirus encodes a microRNA with the ability to autoregulate viral gene expression. Virology 383:183–187 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  109. Shackelton L. A., Rambaut A., Pybus O. G., Holmes E. C. 2006; JC virus evolution and its association with human populations. J Virol 80:9928–9933 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  110. Shadan F. F., Villarreal L. P. 1995; The evolution of small DNA viruses of eukaryotes: past and present considerations. Virus Genes 11:239–257 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  111. Shuda M., Feng H., Kwun H. J., Rosen S. T., Gjoerup O., Moore P. S., Chang Y. 2008; T antigen mutations are a human tumor-specific signature for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:16272–16277 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Shuda M., Arora R., Kwun H. J., Feng H., Sarid R., Fernández-Figueras M. T., Tolstov Y., Gjoerup O., Mansukhani M. M. other authors 2009; Human Merkel cell polyomavirus infection I. MCV T antigen expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, lymphoid tissues and lymphoid tumors. Int J Cancer 125:1243–1249 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  113. Shuda M., Kwun H. J., Feng H., Chang Y., Moore P. S. 2011; Human Merkel cell polyomavirus small T antigen is an oncoprotein targeting the 4E-BP1 translation regulator. J Clin Invest 121:3623–3634 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  114. Siebrasse E. A., Reyes A., Lim E. S., Zhao G., Mkakosya R. S., Manary M. J., Gordon J. I., Wang D. 2012; Identification of MW polyomavirus, a novel polyomavirus in human stool. J Virol 86:10321–10326 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  115. Sihto H., Kukko H., Koljonen V., Sankila R., Böhling T., Joensuu H. 2009; Clinical factors associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 101:938–945 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Sihto H., Kukko H. M., Koljonen V. S., Sankila R., Böhling T., Joensuu H. T. 2011; Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, large T antigen, retinoblastoma protein and outcome in Merkel cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 17:4806–4813 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  117. Sperling L. C., Tomaszewski M. M., Thomas D. A. 2004; Viral-associated trichodysplasia in patients who are immunocompromised. J Am Acad Dermatol 50:318–322 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  118. Strickler H. D., Rosenberg P. S., Devesa S. S., Hertel J., Fraumeni J. F. Jr, Goedert J. J. 1998; Contamination of poliovirus vaccines with simian virus 40 (1955–1963) and subsequent cancer rates. JAMA 279:292–295 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  119. Sullivan C. S., Pipas J. M. 2002; T antigens of simian virus 40: molecular chaperones for viral replication and tumorigenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 66:179–202 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  120. Sullivan C. S., Grundhoff A. T., Tevethia S., Pipas J. M., Ganem D. 2005; SV40-encoded microRNAs regulate viral gene expression and reduce susceptibility to cytotoxic T cells. Nature 435:682–686 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  121. Tadmor T., Aviv A., Polliack A. 2011; Merkel cell carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders: an old bond with possible new viral ties. Ann Oncol 22:250–256 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  122. Teman C. J., Tripp S. R., Perkins S. L., Duncavage E. J. 2011; Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Leuk Res 35:689–692 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Tolstov Y. L., Arora R., Scudiere S. C., Busam K., Chaudhary P. M., Chang Y., Moore P. S. 2010; Lack of evidence for direct involvement of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Blood 115:4973–4974 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  124. Toracchio S., Foyle A., Sroller V., Reed J. A., Wu J., Kozinetz C. A., Butel J. S. 2010; Lymphotropism of Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, Nova Scotia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 16:1702–1709 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  125. Touzé A., Gaitan J., Arnold F., Cazal R., Fleury M. J., Combelas N., Sizaret P. Y., Guyetant S., Maruani A. other authors 2010; Generation of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)-like particles and their application to detection of MCV antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 48:1767–1770 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  126. Touzé A., Le Bidre E., Laude H., Fleury M. J. J., Cazal R., Arnold F., Carlotti A., Maubec E., Aubin F. other authors 2011; High levels of antibodies against Merkel cell polyomavirus identify a subset of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma with better clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 29:1612–1619 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  127. Trusch F., Klein M., Finsterbusch T., Kühn J., Hofmann J., Ehlers B. 2012; Seroprevalence of human polyomavirus 9 and cross-reactivity to African green monkey-derived lymphotropic polyomavirus. J Gen Virol 93:698–705 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Van der Meijden E., Janssens R. W. A., Lauber C., Bouwes Bavinck J. N., Gorbalenya A. E., Feltkamp M. C. W. 2010; Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa in an immunocompromized patient. PLoS Pathog 6:e1001024 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  129. Van der Meijden E., Kazem S., Burgers M. M., Janssens R. W. A., Bouwes Bavinck J. N., de Melker H., Feltkamp M. C. W. 2011; Seroprevalence of trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 17:1355–1363[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  130. Van Keymeulen A., Mascre G., Youseff K. K., Harel I., Michaux C., De Geest N., Szpalski C., Achouri Y., Bloch W. other authors 2009; Epidermal progenitors give rise to Merkel cells during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. J Cell Biol 187:91–100 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  131. Verschoor E. J., Groenewoud M. J., Fagrouch Z., Kewalapat A., van Gessel S., Kik M. J., Heeney J. L. 2008; Molecular characterization of the first polyomavirus from a New World primate: squirrel monkey polyomavirus. J Gen Virol 89:130–137 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Viscidi R. P., Clayman B. 2006; Serological cross reactivity between polyomavirus capsids. Adv Exp Med Biol 577:73–84 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  133. Viscidi R. P., Rollison D. E., Sondak V. K., Silver B., Messina J. L., Giuliano A. R., Fulp W., Ajidahun A., Rivanera D. 2011; Age-specific seroprevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus, BK virus, and JC virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 18:1737–1743 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  134. Wanat K. A., Holler P. D., Dentchev T., Simbiri K., Robertson E., Seykora J. T., Rosenbach M. 2012; Viral-associated trichodysplasia: characterization of a novel polyomavirus infection with therapeutic insights. Arch Dermatol 148:219–223 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  135. Wieland U., Silling S., Scola N., Potthoff A., Gambichler T., Brockmeyer N. H., Pfister H., Kreuter A. 2011; Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in HIV-positive men. Arch Dermatol 147:401–406 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  136. Wyatt A. J., Sachs D. L., Shia J., Delgado R., Busam K. J. 2005; Virus-associated trichodysplasia spinulosa. Am J Surg Pathol 29:241–246 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  137. Zerrahn J., Knippschild U., Winkler T., Deppert W. 1993; Independent expression of the transforming amino-terminal domain of SV40 large I antigen from an alternatively spliced third SV40 early mRNA. EMBO J 12:4739–4746[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  138. Zheng H. Y., Nishimoto Y., Chen Q., Hasegawa M., Zhong S., Ikegaya H., Ohno N., Sugimoto C., Takasaka T. other authors 2007; Relationships between BK virus lineages and human populations. Microbes Infect 9:204–213 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  139. Zur Hausen H., Gissmann L. 1979; Lymphotropic papovaviruses isolated from African green monkey and human cells. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 167:137–153 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.048462-0
Loading
From Stockholm to Malawi: recent developments in studying human polyomaviruses
J. Gen. Virol. 94, 482 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.048462-0
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.048462-0
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.048462-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error