Histidine at codon 154 of the prion protein gene is a risk factor for Nor98 scrapie in goats

References

1. Acutis P. L., Bossers A., Priem J., Riina M. V., Peletto S., Mazza M., Casalone C., Forloni G., Ru G., Caramelli M. 2006; Identification of prion protein gene polymorphisms in goats from Italian scrapie outbreaks. J Gen Virol 87:1029–1033 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Acutis P. L., Colussi S., Santagada G., Laurenza C., Maniaci M. G., Riina M. V., Peletto S., Goldmann W., Bossers A. other authors 2008; Genetic variability of the PRNP gene in goat breeds from Northern and Southern Italy. J Appl Microbiol 104:1782–1789 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Agrimi U., Conte U., Morelli L., Di Bari M. A., Di Guardo G., Ligios C., Antonucci G., Aufiero G. M., Pozzato N. other authors 2003; Animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and genetics. Vet Res Commun 27:Suppl. 131–38 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Arsac J.-N., Andreoletti O., Bilheude J.-M., Lacroux C., Benestad S. L., Baron T. 2007; Similar biochemical signatures and prion protein genotypes in atypical scrapie and Nor98 cases. France and Norway. Emerg Infect Dis 13:58–65 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Belt P. B., Muileman I. H., Schreuder B. E. C., Bos-de Ruijter J., Gielkens A. L. J., Smits M. A. 1995; Identification of five allelic variants of the sheep PrP gene and their association with natural scrapie. J Gen Virol 76:509–517 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Benestad S. L., Sarradin P., Thu B., Schonheit J., Tranulis M. A., Bratberg B. 2003; Cases of scrapie with unusual features in Norway and designation of a new type, Nor98. Vet Rec 153:202–208 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Benestad S. L., Arsac J.-N., Goldmann W., Nöremark M. 2008; Atypical/Nor98 scrapie: properties of the agent, genetics, and epidemiology. Vet Res 39:19 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Billinis C., Panagiotidis C. H., Psychas V., Argyroudis S., Nicolaou A., Leontides S., Papadopoulos O., Sklaviadis T. 2002; Prion protein gene polymorphisms in natural goat scrapie. J Gen Virol 83:713–721
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bossers A., Schreuder B. E. C., Muileman I. H., Belt P. B., Smits M. A. 1996; PrP genotype contributes to determining survival times of sheep with natural scrapie. J Gen Virol 77:2669–2673 [CrossRef]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Cook W. 2007; Nor98-like strain of scrapie found in Wyoming. Press release, Wyoming Livestock Board 16: March, Available from http://wlsb.state.wy.us/
    [Google Scholar]
11. EFSA 2006; Opinion on the breeding programme for TSE resistance in sheep (2006). EFSA J 382:1–46
    [Google Scholar]
12. Epstein V., Pointing S., Halfacre S. 2005; Atypical scrapie in the Falkland Islands. Vet Rec 157:667–668
    [Google Scholar]
13. European Union. 2007; Report on the monitoring and testing of ruminants for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE. in the EU in 2006. European Commission Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2007ISBN 92-79-02299-7 Available from http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/bse/annual_report_tse2006_en.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
14. Goldmann W., Martin T., Foster J., Hughes S., Smith G., Hughes K., Dawson M., Hunter N. 1996; Novel polymorphisms in the caprine PrP gene: a codon 142 mutation associated with scrapie incubation period. J Gen Virol 77:2885–2891 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Goldmann W., Chong A., Foster J. D., Hope J., Hunter N. 1998; The shortest known prion protein gene allele occurs in goats, has only three octapeptide repeats and is non-pathogenic. J Gen Virol 79:3173–3176
    [Google Scholar]
16. Goldmann W., Perucchini M., Smith A., Hunter N. 2004; Genetic variability of the PrP gene in a goat herd in the UK. Vet Rec 155:177–178 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Hunter N., Foster J. D., Goldmann W., Stear M. J., Hope J., Bostock C. 1996; Natural scrapie in a closed flock of Cheviot sheep occurs only in specific PrP genotypes. Arch Virol 141:809–824 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
18. Hunter N., Cairns D., Foster J. D., Smith G., Goldmann W., Donnelly K. 1997; Is scrapie solely a genetic disease?. Nature 386:137
    [Google Scholar]
19. Kurosaki Y., Ishiguro N., Horiuchi M., Shinagawa M. 2005; Polymorphisms of caprine PrP gene detected in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 67:321–323 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Le Dur A., Beringue V., Andreoletti O., Reine F., Lai T. L., Baron T., Bratberg B., Villotte J.-L., Sarradin P. other authors 2005; A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16031–16036 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
21. Lühken G., Buschmann A., Brandt H., Eiden M., Groschup M. J., Erhardt G. 2007; Epidemiological and genetical differences between classical and atypical scrapie cases. Vet Res 38:65–80 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
22. Moum T., Olsaker I., Hopp P., Moldal T., Valheim M., Moum T., Benestad S. L. 2005; Polymorphisms at codons 141 and 154 in the ovine prion protein gene are associated with scrapie Nor98 cases. J Gen Virol 86:231–235 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
23. Papasavva-Stylianou P., Kleanthous M., Toumazos P., Mavrikiou P., Loucaides P. 2007; Novel polymorphisms at codons 146 and 151 in the prion protein gene of Cyprus goats and their association with natural scrapie. Vet J 173:459–462 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
24. Prusiner S. B. 1991; Molecular biology of prion diseases. Science 252:1515–1522 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
25. Saunders G. C., Cawthraw S., Mountjoy S. J., Hope J., Windl O. 2006; PrP genotypes of atypical scrapie cases in Great Britain. J Gen Virol 87:3141–3149 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
26. Seuberlich T., Botteron C., Benestad S. L., Brünisholz H., Wyss R., Kihm U., Schwermer H., Friess M., Nicolier A. other authors 2007; Atypical scrapie in a Swiss goat and implications for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy surveillance. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:2–8 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
27. Simmons M. M., Konold T., Simmons H. A., Spencer Y. I., Lockey R., Spiropoulos J., Everett S., Clifford D. 2007; Experimental transmission of atypical scrapie to sheep. BMC Vet Res 3:20 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
28. Vaccari G., Di Bari M. A., Morelli L., Nonno R., Chiappini B., Antonucci G., Marcon S., Esposito E., Fazzi P. other authors 2006; Identification of an allelic variant of the goat PrP gene associated with resistance to scrapie. J Gen Virol 87:1395–1402 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
29. Wopfner, F., Weidenhöfer, G., Sneider, R., von Brunn, A., Gilch, S., Schwarz, T. F., Werner, T. & Schätel, H. M. 1999; Analysis of 27 mammalian and 9 avian PrPs reveals high conservation of flexible regions of the prion protein. J Mol Biol 289:1163–1178 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
30. Zhang L., Li N., Fan B., Fang M., Xu W. 2004; PRNP polymorphisms in Chinese ovine, caprine and bovine breeds. Anim Genet 35:457–461 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]