1887

Abstract

This study analyses the evolutionary relatedness of 16 Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) isolates (nine from Vietnam and seven from Japan) to previously published JEV strains using E gene sequence data. Vietnamese and Japanese strains isolated between 1986 and 1990 were found to cluster in genotype 3. However, more recent Vietnamese and Japanese strains isolated between 1995 and 2002 grouped within genotype 1, now a dominant though previously unreported genotype in Vietnam. In addition, in this study, strains isolated between 1995 and 2002 were more closely related to those isolated in the 1990s than to the older genotype 1 strains. Recently, the introduction of JEV genotype 1 into Japan and Korea has also been reported. Hence this genotype shift phenomenon may be occurring throughout all East Asia. Further studies on JEV ecology are needed to clarify the mechanism of JEV genotype 1 spread to new territories.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.79797-0
2004-06-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/85/6/vir851625.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.79797-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ali A., Igarashi A. 1997; Antigenic and genetic variations among Japanese encephalitis virus strains belonging to genotype 1. Microbiol Immunol 41:241–252 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. APMWCC (Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Committee, Wetlands International-Asia Pacific) 2001; Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy: 2001–2005. . . Homepage of the Australian Government, Department of Environment and Heritage () http://www.deh.gov.au/water/wetlands/mwp/2001–2005/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Asahina S. 1970a; On the transoceanic flight of mosquitoes. Jpn J Sanit Zool 21:121
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Asahina S. 1970b; Transoceanic flight of mosquitoes on the northwest Pacific. Jpn J Sanit Zool 23:255–258
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Asahina S., Noguchi K. 1968; Long distance flight of Culex tritaeniorhyncus . Jpn J Sanit Zool 19:110
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Buescher E. L., Scherer W. F., McClure H. E., Moyer J. T., Rosenberg M. Z., Yoshii M., Okada Y. 1959; Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IV. Avian infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 8:678–688
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chen W. R., Tesh R. B., Rico-Hesse R. 1990; Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J Gen Virol 71:2915–2922 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chen W. R., Rico-Hesse R., Tesh R. B. 1992; A new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus from Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47:61–69
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Birding China. 2003; Migratory channels of Chinese birds ().. http://www.cnbirds.com
  10. Chung Y. J., Nam J. H., Ban S. J., Cho S. W. 1996; Antigenic and genetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis viruses isolated from Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55:91–97
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Hanna J. N., Ritchie S. A., Phillips D. A., Shield J., Bailey M. C., Mackenzie J. S., Poidinger M., McCall B. J., Mills P. J. 1996; An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait. Australia; 1995 Med J Aust 165:256–260
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Hasegawa H., Yoshida M., Fujita S., Kobayashi Y. 1994; Comparison of structural proteins among antigenically different Japanese encephalitis virus strains. Vaccine 12:841–844 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Holbrook M. R., Barrett A. D. T. 2002; Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267:75–90
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Hori H., Morita K., Igarashi A. 1986; Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis on Japanese encephalitis virus strains isolated in Japan and Thailand. Acta Virol 30:353–359
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Huong V. T. Q., Ha D. Q., Deubel V. 1993; Genetic study of Japanese encephalitis viruses from Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:538–544
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Igarashi A. 1978; Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses. J Gen Virol 40:531–544 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Igarashi A. 1992; Epidemiology and control of Japanese encephalitis. World Health Stat Q 45:299–305
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Igarashi A., Tanaka M., Morita A., Takasu T., Ahmed A., Akram D. S., Waqar M. A. 1994; Detection of west Nile and Japanese encephalitis viral genome sequences in cerebrospinal fluid from acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan. Microbiol Immunol 38:827–830 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Innis B. L. 1995; Japanese encephalitis. In Exotic Viral Infections pp  147–174 Edited by Porterfield J. S. London: Chapman & Hall;
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Laird M. 1948; Reactions of mosquitoes to the aircraft environment. Trans R Soc N Z 77:93–114
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lanciotti R. S., Roehrig J. T., Deubel V. 21 other authors 1999; Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286:2333–2337 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lowry P. W., Truong D. H., Hinh L. D., Ladinsky J. L., Karabatsos N., Cropp C. B., Martin D., Gubler D. J. 1998; Japanese encephalitis among hospitalized pediatric and adult patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Hanoi, Vietnam 1995. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58:324–329
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ma S. P., Arakaki S., Makino Y., Fukunaga T. 1996; Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in Okinawa. Microbiol Immunol 40:847–855 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ma S. P., Yoshida Y., Makino Y., Tadano M., Ono T., Ogawa M. 2003; Short report: a major genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus currently circulating in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69:151–154
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Mackenzie J. S., Poidinger M., Phillips D., Johansen C. A., Hall R. A., Hanna J., Ritchie S., Shield J., Graham R. 1997; Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Australasian region. In Factors in the Emergence of Arbovirus Diseases pp  191–201 Edited by Saluzzo J. F., Dodet B. Paris: Elsevier;
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Mackenzie J. S., Chua K. B., Daniels P. W. 18 other authors 2001; Emerging viral diseases of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Emerg Infect Dis 7:suppl 3497–504
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Mackenzie J. S., Johansen C. A., Ritchie S. A., Van den Hurk A. F., Hall R. A. 2002; Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 267:49–73
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Mangada M. N. M., Takegami T. 1999; Molecular characterization of the Japanese encephalitis virus representative immunotype strain JaGAr01. Virus Res 59:101–112 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Monath T. P., Heinz F. X. 1996; Flaviviridae . In Fields Virology , 3rd edn. vol 1 pp  961–1034 Edited by Fields B. N., Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Philadelphia: Lippincott–Raven;
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Nam J. H., Chung Y. J., Ban S. J., Kimu E. J., Park Y. K., Cho H. W. 1996; Envelope gene sequence variation among Japanese encephalitis viruses isolated in Korea. Acta Virol 40:303–309
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Ni H., Barret A. D. T. 1995; Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the structural protein genes of Japanese encephalitis viruses from different geographical locations. J Gen Virol 76:401–407 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Page R. D. M. 1996; TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12:357–358
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Paranjpe S., Banerjee K. 1996; Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene of Japanese encephalitis virus. Virus Res 42:107–117 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Pyke A. T., Williams D. T., Nisbet D. J. 11 other authors 2001; The appearance of a second genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus isolated in the Australasian region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:747–753
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Ree H. I., Hong H. K., Lee J. S., Wada Y., Jolivet P. 1975; Dispersal experiment on Culex tritaeniorhyncus in Korea. Rep NIH Korea 12:235–242
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Reiter P. 1998; Aedes albopictus and world trade in used tires, 1988–1995: the shape of things to come?. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 14:83–94
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ritchie S. A., Rochester W. 2001; Wind-blown mosquitoes and introduction of Japanese encephalitis into Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 7:900–903 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Russell R. C. 1987; Survival of insects in the wheel bays of a Boeing 747B aircraft on flights between tropical and temperate airports. Bull W H O 65:659–662
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Saitou N., Nei M. 1987; The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406–425
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Solomon T., Ni H., Beasley D. W. C., Ekkelenkamp M., Cardosa M. J., Barret A. D. T. 2003; Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Southeast Asia. J Virol 77:3091–3098 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Takano S. 1984; Identification of swallows. In Wild Birds Identification Handbook . Japan: Japanese Wild Bird Association; (Taken from) http://kawasemi.k-server.org/research/tubame/tubame_qa.html
  42. Takegami T., Ishak H., Miyamoto C., Shirai Y., Kamimura K. 2000; Isolation and molecular comparison of Japanese encephalitis virus in Ishikawa, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 53:178–179
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Thompson J. D., Higgins D. G., Gibson T. J. 1994; clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Tsai T. F. 1997; Factors in the changing epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile fever. In Factors in the Emergence of Arbovirus Diseases pp  179–189 Edited by Saluzzo J. F., Dodet B. Paris: Elsevier;
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Tsuchie H., Oda K., Vythilingam I. 8 other authors 1997; Genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus isolated in three states in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56:153–158
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Uchil P. D., Satchidanandam V. 2001; Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus: envelope gene based analysis reveals a fifth genotype, geographic clustering, and multiple introductions of the virus into the Indian Subcontinent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:242–251
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Vaughn D. W., Hoke C. H. Jr 1992; The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiol Rev 14:197–221
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Wada Y., Kawai S., Oda T., Miyagi I., Suenaga O., Nishigaki J., Omori N. 1969; Dispersal experiment on Culex tritaeniorhyncus in Nagasaki area (preliminary report. Trop Med 11:37–44
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Weaver S. C., Powers A. M., Brault A. C., Barret A. D. T. 1999; Molecular epidemiological studies of veterinary arboviral encephalitides. Vet J 157:123–138 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Williams M. 1994; Migration hub of the Orient: Beidaihe, China. In Birding, the Magazine of the American Birding Association (published in October 1994 and February 1995). (Taken from) http://www.drmartinwilliams.com/beidaihe/beidaihebirding.html
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Williams D. T., Wang L-F., Daniels P. W., Mackenzie J. S. 2000; Molecular characterization of the first Australian isolate of Japanese encephalitis virus, the FU strain. J Gen Virol 81:2471–2480
    [Google Scholar]
  52. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) 2000; Migratory waterbirds in the East Asian–Australasian region. Homepage of the WWF Hong Kong (). Developed by Lemon (Asia) Limited http://www.wwf.org.hk/eng/maipo/bird_migrate/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.79797-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.79797-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error