1887

Abstract

The genomic and antigenomic 3′ ends of the replication promoters are bi-partite in nature. They are symmetrically composed of leader or trailer sequences, a gene start () or gene end () site, respectively, and a simple hexameric repeat. Studies of how mRNA synthesis initiates from the first gene start site () have been hampered by the fact that is located between two essential elements of the replication promoter. Transcription initiation, then, is separated from the replication initiation site by only 56 nt on the genome, so that transcription and replication may sterically interfere with each other. In order to study the initiation of mRNAs without this possible interference, mini-genomes were prepared having tandem promoters in which replication takes place from the external one, whereas mRNA synthesis occurs from the internal one. Transcription now initiates at position 146 rather than position 56 relative to the genome 3′ end. Under these conditions, it was found that the frequency with which mRNA synthesis initiates depends, in an inverse fashion, on the strength of the external replication promoter. It was also found that the sequences essential for replication are not required for basic mRNA synthesis as long as there is an external replication promoter at which viral RNA polymerase can enter the nucleocapsid template. The manner in which transcription and replication initiations influence each other is discussed.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80435-0
2005-01-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/86/1/vir860171.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80435-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Bhella D., Ralph A., Murphy L. B., Yeo R. P. 2002; Significant differences in nucleocapsid morphology within the Paramyxoviridae . J Gen Virol 83:1831–1839
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Buchholz U. J., Finke S., Conzelmann K.-K. 1999; Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter. J Virol 73:251–259
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Calain P., Roux L. 1993; The rule of six, a basic feature for efficient replication of Sendai virus defective interfering RNA. J Virol 67:4822–4830
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Calain P., Roux L. 1995; Functional characterisation of the genomic and antigenomic promoter of Sendai virus. Virology 212:163–173 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Calain P., Curran J., Kolakofsky D., Roux L. 1992; Molecular cloning of natural paramyxovirus copy-back defective interfering RNAs and their expression from DNA. Virology 191:62–71 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Egelman E. H., Wu S.-S., Amrein M., Portner A., Murti G. 1989; The Sendai virus nucleocapsid exists in at least four different helical states. J Virol 63:2233–2243
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Fearns R., Collins P. L. 1999; Model for polymerase access to the overlapped L gene of respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 73:388–397
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Gubbay O., Curran J., Kolakofsky D. 2001; Sendai virus genome synthesis and assembly are coupled: a possible mechanism to promote viral RNA polymerase processivity. J Gen Virol 82:2895–2903
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Hoffman M. A., Banerjee A. K. 2000; Precise mapping of the replication and transcription promoters of human parainfluenza virus type 3. Virology 269:201–211 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Iseni F., Baudin F., Garcin D., Marq J. B., Ruigrok R. W. H., Kolakofsky D. 2002; Chemical modification of nucleotide bases and mRNA editing depend on hexamer or nucleoprotein phase in Sendai virus nucleocapsids. RNA 8:1056–1067 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Lamb R. A., Kolakofsky D. 2001; Paramyxoviridae : the viruses and their replication. In Fields Virology , 4th edn. pp  1305–1340 Edited by Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins;
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Le Mercier P., Garcin D., Hausmann S., Kolakofsky D. 2002; Ambisense Sendai viruses are inherently unstable but are useful to study viral RNA synthesis. J Virol 76:5492–5502 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Le Mercier P., Garcin D., Garcia E., Kolakofsky D. 2003; Competition between the Sendai virus N mRNA start site and the genome 3′-end promoter for viral RNA polymerase. J Virol 77:9147–9155 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Mottet G., Roux L. 1989; Budding efficiency of Sendai virus nucleocapsids: influence of size and ends of the RNA. Virus Res 14:175–187 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Murphy S. K., Ito Y., Parks G. D. 1998; A functional antigenomic promoter for the Paramyxovirus Simian virus 5 requires proper spacing between an essential internal segment and the 3′ terminus. J Virol 72:10–19
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Pelet T., Delenda C., Gubbay O., Garcin D., Kolakofsky D. 1996; Partial characterization of a Sendai virus replication promoter and the rule of six. Virology 224:405–414 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Rager M., Vongpunsawad S., Duprex W. P., Cattaneo R. 2002; Polyploid measles virus with hexameric genome length. EMBO J 21:2364–2372 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Skiadopoulos M. H., Vogel L., Riggs J. M., Surman S. R., Collins P. L., Murphy B. R. 2003; The genome length of human parainfluenza virus type 2 follows the rule of six, and recombinant viruses recovered from non-polyhexameric-length antigenomic cDNAs contain a biased distribution of correcting mutations. J Virol 77:270–279 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Stillman E. A., Whitt M. A. 1998; The length and sequence composition of vesicular stomatitis virus intergenic regions affect mRNA levels and the site of transcript initiation. J Virol 72:5565–5572
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Stillman E. A., Whitt M. A. 1999; Transcript initiation and 5′-end modifications are separable events during vesicular stomatitis virus transcription. J Virol 73:7199–7209
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Tapparel C., Maurice D., Roux L. 1998; The activity of Sendai virus genomic and antigenomic promoters requires a second element past the leader template regions: a motif (GNNNNN)3 is essential for replication. J Virol 72:3117–3128
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Vulliémoz D., Roux L. 2001; ‘Rule of Six’: how does the Sendai virus RNA polymerase keep count?. J Virol 75:4506–4518 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Vulliémoz D., Roux L. 2002; Given the opportunity, the Sendai virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase could as well enter its template internally. J Virol 76:7987–7995 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Whelan S. P. J., Wertz G. W. 2002; Transcription and replication initiate at separate sites on the vesicular stomatitis virus genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:9178–9183 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80435-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80435-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error