@article{mbs:/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80991-0, author = "Falcón, Ana M. and Fernandez-Sesma, Ana and Nakaya, Yurie and Moran, Thomas M. and Ortín, Juan and García-Sastre, Adolfo", title = "Attenuation and immunogenicity in mice of temperature-sensitive influenza viruses expressing truncated NS1 proteins", journal= "Journal of General Virology", year = "2005", volume = "86", number = "10", pages = "2817-2821", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80991-0", url = "https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.80991-0", publisher = "Microbiology Society", issn = "1465-2099", type = "Journal Article", abstract = "It was previously shown that two mutant influenza A viruses expressing C-terminally truncated forms of the NS1 protein (NS1-81 and NS1-110) were temperature sensitive in vitro. These viruses contain HA, NA and M genes derived from influenza A/WSN/33 H1N1 virus (mouse-adapted), and the remaining five genes from human influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus. Mice intranasally infected with the NS1 mutant viruses showed undetectable levels of virus in lungs at day 3, whereas those infected with the NS1 wild-type control virus still had detectable levels of virus at this time. Nevertheless, the temperature-sensitive mutant viruses induced specific cellular and humoral immune responses similar to those induced by the wild-type virus. Mice immunized with the NS1 mutant viruses were protected against a lethal challenge with influenza A/WSN/33 virus. These results indicate that truncations in the NS1 protein resulting in temperature-sensitive phenotypes in vitro correlate with attenuation in vivo without compromising viral immunogenicity, an ideal characteristic for live attenuated viral vaccines.", }