1887

Abstract

During the past decade, several outbreaks of severe systemic disease associated with (FCV) have occurred in the USA and the UK. This new disease has caused high mortality in the affected animals and has been termed virulent systemic (VS)-FCV disease. Currently, there are no genetic or diagnostic methods to distinguish viruses isolated from cases of VS-FCV disease from other isolates. Here, five properties, as well as the capsid and proteinase–polymerase (pro–pol) sequences, of a set of FCV isolates that included seven isolates from five distinct VS-FCV outbreaks (‘VS isolates’) were investigated. Although all of the FCV isolates investigated had similar kinetics of growth under single-cycle conditions, VS isolates infected tissue-culture cells more efficiently under multiple-cycle growth conditions. Moreover, it was found that cells infected with VS isolates showed cytopathic effects earlier than cells infected with non-VS isolates, although no difference in relative ATP levels were noted at times when morphological changes were first seen. Both VS- and other (non-VS) isolates of FCV demonstrated similar temperature stabilities. Phylogenetic analyses and alignments of the capsid and pro–pol regions of the genome did not reveal any conserved changes that correlated with virulence, and the VS isolates did not segregate into a unique clade. These results suggest that VS isolates have arisen independently several times since first being described and can spread more efficiently in tissue culture than other isolates when infected at low multiplicity.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82488-0
2007-02-01
2024-03-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/88/2/506.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82488-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abd-Eldaim M., Potgieter L., Kennedy M. 2005; Genetic analysis of feline caliciviruses associated with a hemorrhagic-like disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:420–429 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Bannasch M. J., Foley J. E. 2005; Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters. J Feline Med Surg 7:109–119 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Baulch-Brown C., Love D., Meanger J. 1999; Sequence variation within the capsid protein of Australian isolates of feline calicivirus. Vet Microbiol 68:107–117 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Binns S. H., Dawson S., Speakman A. J., Cuevas L. E., Hart C. A., Gaskell C. J., Morgan K. L., Gaskell R. M. 2000; A study of feline upper respiratory tract disease with reference to prevalence and risk factors for infection with feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. J Feline Med Surg 2:123–133 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bruce J. W., Bradley K. A., Ahlquist P., Young J. A. 2005; Isolation of cell lines that show novel, murine leukemia virus-specific blocks to early steps of retroviral replication. J Virol 79:12969–12978 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Carter M. J., Milton I. D., Turner P. C., Meanger J., Bennett M., Gaskell R. M. 1992; Identification and sequence determination of the capsid protein gene of feline calicivirus. Arch Virol 122:223–235 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Chandra D., Bratton S. B., Person M. D., Tian Y., Martin A. G., Ayres M., Fearnhead H. O., Gandhi V., Tang D. G. 2006; Intracellular nucleotides act as critical prosurvival factors by binding to cytochrome C and inhibiting apoptosome. Cell 125:1333–1346 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chiarugi A. 2005; “Simple but not simpler”: toward a unified picture of energy requirements in cell death. FASEB J 19:1783–1788 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Coyne K. P., Jones B. R., Kipar A., Chantrey J., Porter C. J., Barber P. J., Dawson S., Gaskell R. M., Radford A. D. 2006; Lethal outbreak of disease associated with feline calicivirus infection in cats. Vet Rec 158:544–550 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Crouch S. P., Kozlowski R., Slater K. J., Fletcher J. 1993; The use of ATP bioluminescence as a measure of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. J Immunol Methods 160:81–88 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Duizer E., Bijkerk P., Rockx B., De Groot A., Twisk F., Koopmans M. 2004; Inactivation of caliciviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4538–4543 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Foley J., Hurley K., Pesavento P. A., Poland A., Pedersen N. C. 2006; Virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection: local cytokine modulation and contribution of viral mutants. J Feline Med Surg 8:55–61 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Geissler K., Schneider K., Platzer G., Truyen B., Kaaden O. R., Truyen U. 1997; Genetic and antigenic heterogeneity among feline calicivirus isolates from distinct disease manifestations. Virus Res 48:193–206 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Glenn M., Radford A. D., Turner P. C., Carter M., Lowery D., DeSilver D. A., Meanger J., Baulch-Brown C., Bennett M., Gaskell R. M. 1999; Nucleotide sequence of UK and Australian isolates of feline calicivirus (FCV) and phylogenetic analysis of FCVs. Vet Microbiol 67:175–193 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Huelsenbeck J. P., Ronquist F. 2001; mrbayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754–755 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Hurley K. E., Pesavento P. A., Pedersen N. C., Poland A. M., Wilson E., Foley J. E. 2004; An outbreak of virulent systemic feline calicivirus disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:241–249 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Kalunda M., Lee K. M., Holmes D. F., Gillespie J. H. 1975; Serologic classification of feline caliciviruses by plaque-reduction neutralization and immunodiffusion. Am J Vet Res 36:353–356
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Komolafe O. O. 1979; Effect of storage on the integrity of purified feline calicivirus particles. Microbios 26:137–146
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Kreutz L. C., Seal B. S. 1995; The pathway of feline calicivirus entry. Virus Res 35:63–70 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Malik Y. S., Allwood P. B., Hedberg C. W., Goyal S. M. 2006; Disinfection of fabrics and carpets artificially contaminated with calicivirus: relevance in institutional and healthcare centres. J Hosp Infect 63:205–210 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Martella V., Pratelli A., Gentile M., Buonavoglia D., Decaro N., Fiorente P., Buonavoglia C. 2002; Analysis of the capsid protein gene of a feline-like calicivirus isolated from a dog. Vet Microbiol 85:315–322 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Meyers G., Wirblich C., Thiel H. J., Thumfart J. O. 2000; Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: genome organization and polyprotein processing of a calicivirus studied after transient expression of cDNA constructs. Virology 276:349–363 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Natoni A., Kass G. E. N., Carter M. J., Roberts L. O. 2006; The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is triggered during feline calicivirus infection. J Gen Virol 87:357–361 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Neill J. D. 1990; Nucleotide sequence of a region of the feline calicivirus genome which encodes picornavirus-like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, cysteine protease and 2C polypeptides. Virus Res 17:145–160 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Neill J. D., Reardon I. M., Heinrikson R. L. 1991; Nucleotide sequence and expression of the capsid protein gene of feline calicivirus. J Virol 65:5440–5447
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Oshikamo R., Tohya Y., Kawaguchi Y., Tomonaga K., Maeda K., Takeda N., Utagawa E., Kai C., Mikami T. 1994; The molecular cloning and sequence of an open reading frame encoding for non-structural proteins of feline calicivirus F4 strain isolated in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 56:1093–1099 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Pedersen N. C., Elliott J. B., Glasgow A., Poland A., Keel K. 2000; An isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus. Vet Microbiol 73:281–300 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Perriere G., Gouy M. 1996; WWW-query: an on-line retrieval system for biological sequence banks. Biochimie 78:364–369 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Pesavento P. A., MacLachlan N. J., Dillard-Telm L., Grant C. K., Hurley K. F. 2004; Pathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in naturally occurring virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection in cats. Vet Pathol 41:257–263 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Poulet H., Brunet S., Leroy V., Chappuis G. 2005; Immunisation with a combination of two complementary feline calicivirus strains induces a broad cross-protection against heterologous challenges. Vet Microbiol 106:17–31 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Roberts L. O., Al-Molawi N., Carter M. J., Kass G. E. 2003; Apoptosis in cultured cells infected with feline calicivirus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1010:587–590 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Rong S., Slade D., Floyd-Hawkins K., Wheeler D. 2006; Characterization of a highly virulent feline calicivirus and attenuation of this virus. Virus Res 122:95–108 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J. P. 2003; MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572–1574 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Sato Y., Ohe K., Murakami M., Fukuyama M., Furuhata K., Kishikawa S., Suzuki Y., Kiuchi A., Hara M. other authors 2002; Phylogenetic analysis of field isolates of feline calcivirus (FCV) in Japan by sequencing part of its capsid gene. Vet Res Commun 26:205–219 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Schorr-Evans E. M., Poland A., Johnson W. E., Pedersen N. C. 2003; An epizootic of highly virulent feline calicivirus disease in a hospital setting in New England. J Feline Med Surg 5:217–226 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Seal B. S., Neill J. D. 1995; Capsid protein gene sequence of feline calicivirus isolates 255 and LLK: further evidence for capsid protein configuration among feline caliciviruses. Virus Genes 9:183–187 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Seal B. S., Ridpath J. F., Mengeling W. L. 1993; Analysis of feline calicivirus capsid protein genes: identification of variable antigenic determinant regions of the protein. J Gen Virol 74:2519–2524 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Sosnovtsev S., Green K. Y. 1995; RNA transcripts derived from a cloned full-length copy of the feline calicivirus genome do not require VpG for infectivity. Virology 210:383–390 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Sosnovtsev S. V., Prikhod'ko E. A., Belliot G., Cohen J. I., Green K. Y. 2003; Feline calicivirus replication induces apoptosis in cultured cells. Virus Res 94:1–10 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Studdert M. J., Martin M. C., Peterson J. E. 1970; Viral diseases of the respiratory tract of cats: isolation and properties of viruses tentatively classified as picornaviruses. Am J Vet Res 31:1723–1732
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Thompson J. D., Gibson T. J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F., Higgins D. G. 1997; The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Thumfart J. O., Meyers G. 2002; Feline calicivirus: recovery of wild-type and recombinant viruses after transfection of cRNA or cDNA constructs. J Virol 76:6398–6407 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Tohya Y., Masuoka K., Takahashi E., Mikami T. 1991; Neutralizing epitopes of feline calicivirus. Arch Virol 117:173–181 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Tree J. A., Adams M. R., Lees D. N. 2005; Disinfection of feline calicivirus (a surrogate for Norovirus) in wastewaters. J Appl Microbiol 98:155–162 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82488-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82488-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error