- Volume 23, Issue 2, 1974
Volume 23, Issue 2, 1974
- Articles
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Transfer of Internal Proteins from Phage to Host and their Association with Bacterial Membranes
More LessSUMMARYThe fate of internal proteins of T2 phages, during infection, has been studied. It has been shown that all of the internal proteins were transferred from phage to host during infection. This has been demonstrated by analysing the protein content of pure ghosts obtained after blending phage-infected bacteria. Most of the transferred internal proteins remained attached to virus DNA, which, in turn, was bound to bacterial membranes. Bacterial membranes isolated from T2-infected Escherichia coli contained DNA and internal proteins, which were identified by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. It has been speculated that internal proteins facilitate a better binding of the virus DNA to the bacterial membrane and that this is one of the biological functions of these basic proteins.
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The Effect of Enzymes on Structural and Biological Properties of Semliki Forest Virus
More LessSUMMARYTreatment of purified Semliki Forest virus with neuraminidase released sialic acid, raised the isoelectric point of the virus by 0.35 pH units but had no effect on the infectivity, haemagglutinating (HA) activity or surface antigenic properties and did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of the envelope glycoproteins on polyacrylamide gels. Treatment of virus with a mixture of sugar hydrolases lowered infectivity and HA activity and slightly increased the electrophoretic mobility of the envelope glycoproteins, but had no measurable effect on surface antigenic properties. Treatment with bromelain digested the envelope glycoproteins, destroyed infectivity, HA activity and surface antigenicity and yielded a sub-viral particle containing lipid. Treatment of this particle with phospholipase C produced a core particle indistinguishable by sedimentation analysis from the nucleocapsids found in infected cells.
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The Pathogenesis of Pseudorabies in Mice following Peripheral Inoculation
More LessSUMMARYThree-week-old mice were inoculated with pseudorabies virus by means of the left hind foot pad. Infectious virus was isolated from tissues in the sequence: foot pad, sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglion, lower, middle, upper spinal cord, and brain. Virus was recovered in one instance only from the liver, but could not be recovered from the spleen or heart blood. The involvement of the kidneys, adrenal glands, coeliac ganglion and skin in the spread of infection was also studied. The possible role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis is suggested. In this respect, immunosympathectomy prior to inoculation reduced the incidence of infection in the adrenal glands and kidneys. Interruption of the sciatic and femoral nerves led to reduced mortality and an altered pathogenesis. A new pattern of virus isolation from the tissues was observed in mice dying at later times following section or ligation of these nerves. The electron microscope observations indicated that neurons rather than glia are of major importance in facilitating virus spread within and from the nervous system.
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Recoverable Potassium Fluxes Variations following Adsorption of T4 Phage and their Ghosts on Escherichia coli b
A. Shapira, E. Giberman and A. KohnSUMMARYAdsorption of T4 phages or their ghosts to Escherichia coli b resulted in the following events. (a) Addition of either phage or ghost caused rapid enhancement of potassium efflux and a corresponding decrease in the intracellular concentration of potassium. (b) Within the first 2 min after infection, the intracellular concentration of potassium started to recover in phage, but not in ghost-infected cells. The recovery, which corresponded presumably to some repair process, was completed 4 to 5 min after infections. (c) The K+ influx was enhanced slightly, and reduced 10-fold, in the phage and in the ghost-infected cells, respectively. The repair process in the phage-infected cells was inhibited by pre-treatment of the bacteria with chloramphenicol, or by lowering the temperature from 37 to 20 °C. Formalinized phages affect the bacteria in the same manner as the ghosts. Damage which resulted from ghost adsorption, and was characterized by K+ transport and infective centres experiments, could be repaired to some degree by infective phage adsorption. The effects due to ghost adsorption could be partially reduced by resuspending the treated bacteria in a medium which contained a concentrate of the non-dialysable metabolites that leaked out of the ghost-treated cells.
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Bovine Enterovirus-1: characterization, Replication and Cytopathogenic Effects
More LessSUMMARYThe biological parameters of a bovine picornavirus, bovine enterovirus-1, are described. The virus is shown to have a rapid growth cycle and to be stable over an extended period at 56 °C and at pH 2 to 10. Within the first hour of infection of cells with BEV-1, cellular protein synthesis was inhibited to less than 40% of normal levels. Maximum release of progeny virus occurred 6 to 8 h post-infection, which coincided with the time of maximum cytopathogenic effects as seen by electron microscopy. The synthesis of virus-specific RNA commenced 1 to 2 h after infection and proceeded exponentially until 5 h after infection. Four virus capsid polypeptides were found together with procapsid proteins, one of which appeared to be a precursor of VP2 and VP4.
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Electron Microscopy of Rugose Leaf Curl Virus in Red Clover, Trifolium pratense and in the Leafhopper Vector Austroagallia torrida
More LessSUMMARYVirus-like particles have been detected in the sap of red clover plants (Trifolium pratense) infected with rugose leaf curl disease and in the salivary glands of the leafhopper vector (Austroagallia torrida), but not in healthy red clover. Some discrepancy in size between the particles isolated from the plant sap and those seen in sections of the salivary glands is attributed to the removal of the outer envelopes of the virus particles during their isolation from plant material.
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Murine Sarcoma Virus-induced Cytopathological Effects in Mouse Cells made Resistant to 6-Azauridine
C. W. Long, E. Good, R. V. Gilden and K. RandSUMMARYMouse cells made resistant to 6-azauridine were found to undergo syncytium formation upon infection with the Rauscher pseudotype of Moloney sarcoma virus (M-MSV(RLV)) and the Moloney strain of murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV(MLV)). The formation of syncytia was related to sarcoma virus replication since syncytia were never produced by leukaemia virus alone or by β-propiolactone-inactivated M-MSV(RLV).
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Effect of Fragmentation on Interferon Induction by Double-stranded Virus RNA
More LessSUMMARYFragmentation by several techniques of the double-stranded RNA of Penicillium chrysogenum viruses reduces its in vivo interferon-inducing capacity in mice.
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Neutralizing Activities of Antisera to Poxvirus Soluble Antigens
More LessSUMMARYSera from rabbits that had been immunized with soluble antigens from rabbit-pox or vaccinia viruses showed high neutralizing activity against the intracellular form of rabbitpox virus, but little neutralizing activity against the extracellular form. They were almost ineffective in preventing the distant dissemination of rabbitpox virus through infected HeLa cell cultures. These results account for the disappointingly incomplete protection that was previously observed in rabbits immunized with vaccinia virus soluble antigens.
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The Relation between Tolerance and the Production of Pinwheel Inclusions in Plants Infected with Ryegrass Mosaic Virus
More LessSUMMARYThe size and number of pinwheel inclusions produced in cells of ryegrass mosaic virus-infected Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) plants of different genotype was positively correlated with the degree of tolerance of infection.
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The Effect of an Antireceptor Serum on Mammalian Cell Lines
D. H. Much and I. ZajacSUMMARYThe treatment of a suspension of living HeLa cells, JJH strain, with anti-polio receptor serum resulted in the specific inhibition of these receptors. Inhibition was maintained for at least 48 h at 37 °C provided the cells remained in suspension. Allowing treated cells to adhere to a glass surface resulted in the rapid disappearance of this inhibition. No inhibition of receptors was observed when similar experiments were performed at 37 °C with HeLa (S 3) cells, a strain routinely cultured in suspension. Inhibition was demonstrated only when these cells were treated and tested at 15 °C, and was rapidly lost when the cells were incubated at 37 °C. These results suggest that the state of the cell influences the persistence of antibody on the cell surface.
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A Locus affecting Circulating Interferon Levels induced by Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus
More LessSUMMARYMendelian analysis, combined with the use of recombinant inbred strains, has revealed the existence in the mouse of a locus with a quantitative effect on circulating interferon levels induced by mouse mammary tumour virus. This locus segregates independently from the locus that affects NDV-induced interferon levels (If-1) and has been tentatively designated as If-2.
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Association of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replicase with RNA Template and Cytoplasmic Membranes
More LessThe association of the replicase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with cellular membranes was suggested following attempts to produce a soluble enzyme by the use of detergents (Arlinghaus & Polatnick, 1967, 1969; Delagneau, 1971), as described for the purification of poliovirus replicase (Ehrenfeld, Maizel & Summers, 1970). Subsequently, the association with cellular membranes of the replicase and the single-stranded and replicative forms of RNA was reported for poliovirus (Caliguiri & Tamm, 1969, 1970a, b), for Semliki Forest virus (Friedman et al., 1972) and for tobacco mosaic virus (Ralph, Bullivant & Wojcik, 1971). In each case, the replicase-membrane complex contained endogenous RNA template (Arlinghaus & Polatnick, 1969; Caliguiri & Tamm, 1969; Ehrenfeld et al., 1970; Friedman et al., 1972). We show in this communication that FMDV replicase is associated with ribosome-containing membranes and requires glycerol to stabilize its activity during sedimentation in the presence of detergents.
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A Stable Syncytial Mutant of Herpes Simplex Type 2 Virus
More LessSUMMARYA stable mutant of type 2 herpes simplex virus has been obtained with plaques which consist entirely of flat syncytial cells. The syn plaques could easily be differentiated from wild-type syn + plaques and they retained their syn morphology on prolonged incubation and when assayed in different cell lines. Serologically, syn virus reacted as type 2 herpes simplex and showed a rate of reversion from syn to syn + of 3.6 × 10−4. The syn marker should be a valuable third marker for the preparation of a preliminary linkage map of the type 2 virus genome.
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