1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 94, Issue 11

Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity Open Access

Abstract

Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), have large DNA genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. Some of these proteins are secreted from the infected cell, where they bind and neutralize complement factors, interferons, cytokines and chemokines. Other VACV proteins function inside cells to inhibit apoptosis or signalling pathways that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, these VACV immunomodulatory proteins are described and the potential to create more immunogenic VACV strains by manipulation of the gene encoding these proteins is discussed.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
© 2013 SGM
  • This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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2013-11-01
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Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity
J. Gen. Virol. 94, 2367 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.055921-0
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