1887

Abstract

Previous characterization of (PLMVd) variants from a single peach calico (PC) isolate showed that PC symptoms are induced by variants with a 12–13 nt insertion at a specific position and folding into a hairpin with a U-rich loop. Here, this study was extended to two other PC isolates. PLMVd variants with insertions similar to those reported previously (type 1), predominated in one isolate (PC-P2). The second (PC-P1), in addition to these variants, contained others with insertions in the same position and of the same size, but with the hairpin capped by a GA-rich loop (type 2). When symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues from both isolates were used to inoculate GF-305 peach seedlings, they reproduced the phenotype of the inoculum source, indicating that variants differing in pathogenicity are unevenly distributed within single plants. Moreover, characterization of the progeny from inoculations with the PC-P1 source showed that variants with insertions of type 1 and 2 were predominant in the symptomatic and non-symptomatic seedlings, respectively, confirming the association between PC and variants with type 1 but not type 2 insertions. Inoculations with dimeric transcripts from PLMVd variants with type 1, type 2 and with a chimeric insertion showed that the variant with type 2 insertion was latent and established that the U-rich capping loop has a major role in PC, although the adjacent stem may also have some influence. Insertions can be acquired and lost during infection, suggesting that latent variants can evolve into pathogenic variants and vice versa.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81356-0
2006-01-01
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/87/1/231.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81356-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Ambrós S., Llácer G., Desvignes J. C., Flores R. 1995; Peach latent mosaic and pear blister canker viroids: detection by molecular hybridization and relationships with specific maladies affecting peach and pear trees. Acta Hortic 386:515–521
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ambrós S., Hernández C., Desvignes J. C., Flores R. 1998; Genomic structure of three phenotypically different isolates of peach latent mosaic viroid: implications of the existence of constraints limiting the heterogeneity of viroid quasi-species. J Virol 72:7397–7406
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ambrós S., Hernández C., Flores R. 1999; Rapid generation of genetic heterogeneity in progenies from individual cDNA clones of peach latent mosaic viroid in its natural host. J Gen Virol 80:2239–2252
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bussière F., Ouellet J., Côté F., Lévesque D., Perreault J. P. 2000; Mapping in solution shows the peach latent mosaic viroid to possess a new pseudoknot in a complex, branched secondary structure. J Virol 74:2647–2654 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Dalmay T., Rubino L., Burgyán J., Kollár Á., Russo M. 1993; Functional analysis of cymbidium ringspot virus genome. Virology 194:697–704 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  6. De la Peña M., Flores R. 2002; Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid RNA: dissection of the pathogenicity determinant and comparative fitness of symptomatic and non-symptomatic variants. J Mol Biol 321:411–421 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  7. De la Peña M., Navarro B., Flores R. 1999; Mapping the molecular determinant of pathogenicity in a hammerhead viroid: a tetraloop within the in vivo branched RNA conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:9960–9965 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Diener T. O. 1972; Potato spindle tuber viroid. VIII. Correlation of infectivity with a UV-absorbing component and thermal denaturation properties of the RNA. Virology 50:606–609 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Diener T. O. 2001; The viroid: biological oddity or evolutionary fossil?. Adv Virus Res 57:137–184
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Di Serio F., Malfitano M., Alioto D., Ragozzino A., Flores R. 2002; Apple dimple fruit viroid: sequence variability and its specific detection by multiplex fluorescent RT-PCR in the presence of apple scar skin viroid. J Plant Pathol 84:27–34
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Flores R., Daròs J. A., Hernández C. 2000; The Avsunviroidae family: viroids with hammerhead ribozymes. Adv Virus Res 55:271–323
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Flores R., Hernández C., Martínez de Alba E., Daròs J. A., Di Serio F. 2005a; Viroids and viroid–host interactions. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43:117–139 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Flores R., Randles J. W., Owens R. A., Bar-Joseph M., Diener T. O. 2005b; Viroidae. In Virus Taxonomy. Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses pp  1145–1159 Edited by Fauquet C. M., Mayo M. A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U., Ball L. A. London: Elsevier/Academic Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Foissac X., Svanella-Dumas L., Dulucq M. J., Gentit P., Candresse T. 2001; Polyvalent detection of fruit tree Tricho, Capillo and Foveaviruses by nested RT-PCR using degenerated and inosine containing primers (PDO RT-PCR). Acta Hortic 550:37–43
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gago S., De la Peña M., Flores R. 2005; A kissing-loop interaction in a hammerhead viroid RNA critical for its in vitro folding and in vivo viability. RNA 11:1073–1083 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Gross H. J., Domdey H., Lossow C., Jank P., Raba M., Alberty H., Sänger H. L. 1978; Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid. Nature 273:203–208 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Gross H. J., Liebl U., Alberty H., Krupp G., Domdey H., Ramm K., Sänger H. L. 1981; A severe and a mild potato spindle tuber viroid isolate differ in three nucleotide exchanges only. Biosci Rep 1:235–241 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hernández C., Flores R. 1992; Plus and minus RNAs of peach latent mosaic viroid self-cleave in vitro via hammerhead structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:3711–3715 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hutchins C., Rathjen P. D., Forster A. C., Symons R. H. 1986; Self-cleavage of plus and minus RNA transcripts of avocado sunblotch viroid. Nucleic Acids Res 14:3627–3640 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Malfitano M., Di Serio F., Covelli L., Ragozzino A., Hernández C., Flores R. 2003; Peach latent mosaic viroid variants inducing peach calico (extreme chlorosis) contain a characteristic insertion that is responsible for this symptomatology. Virology 313:492–501 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Navarro B., Flores R. 1997; Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid: unusual structural properties of a subgroup of self-cleaving viroids with hammerhead ribozymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:11262–11267 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Owens R. A., Steger G., Hu Y., Fels A., Hammond R. W., Riesner D. 1996; RNA structural features responsible for potato spindle tuber viroid pathogenicity. Virology 222:144–158 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Papaefthimiou I., Hamilton A. J., Denti M. A., Baulcombe D. C., Tsagris M., Tabler M. 2001; Replicating potato spindle tuber viroid RNA is accompanied by short RNA fragments that are characteristic of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 29:2395–2400 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Pelchat M., Levesque D., Ouellet J. & 7 other authors 2000; Sequencing of peach latent mosaic viroid variants from nine North American peach cultivars shows that this RNA folds into a complex secondary structure. Virology 271:37–45 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Qi Y., Ding B. 2003; Inhibition of cell growth and shoot development by a specific nucleotide sequence in a noncoding viroid RNA. Plant Cell 15:1360–1374 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Randles J. W. 2003; Economic impact of viroid diseases. In Viroids pp  3–11 Edited by Hadidi A., Flores R., Randles J. W., Semancik J. S. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Press;
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Reanwarakorn K., Semancik J. S. 1998; Regulation of pathogenicity in hop stunt viroid-related group II citrus viroids. J Gen Virol 79:3163–3171
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Schmitz A., Riesner D. 1998; Correlation between bending of the VM region and pathogenicity of different potato spindle tuber viroid strains. RNA 4:1295–1303 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Semancik J. S., Szychowski J. A. 1994; Avocado sunblotch disease: a persistent viroid infection in which variants are associated with differential symptoms. J Gen Virol 75:1543–1549 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Škorić D., Conerly M., Szychowski J. A., Semancik J. S. 2001; CEVd-induced symptom modification as a response to a host-specific temperature-sensitive reaction. Virology 280:115–123 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Symons R. H. 1981; Avocado sunblotch viroid: primary sequence and proposed secondary structure. Nucleic Acids Res 9:6527–6537 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Tabler M., Tsagris M. 2004; Viroids: petite RNA pathogens with distinguished talents. Trends Plant Sci 9:339–348 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Thompson J. D., Higgins D. G., Gibson T. J. 1994; clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Visvader J. E., Symons R. H. 1986; Replication of in vitro constructed viroid mutants: location of the pathogenicity-modulating domain in citrus exocortis viroid. EMBO J 5:2051–2055
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Wang M.-B., Bian X.-Y., Wu L.-M. & 10 other authors 2004; On the role of RNA silencing in the pathogenicity and evolution of viroids and viral satellites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:3275–3280 [CrossRef]
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Zuker M., Mathews D. H., Turner D. H. 1999; Algorithms and thermodynamics for RNA secondary structure prediction: a practical guide. In RNA Biochemistry and Biotechnology, NATO ASI Series pp  11–43 Edited by Barciszewski J., Clark B. F. C. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81356-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.81356-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error