1887

Journal of General Virology header logo

Volume 96, Issue 2

Wide detection of in north-eastern Italy – a European hotspot of emerging mosquito-borne diseases Free

Abstract

The pattern of flavivirus infection in mosquitoes belonging to the genera and collected in two regions of north-eastern Italy (Trentino and Veneto) was assessed. Mosquitoes were collected during 2012 and screened for flaviviruses using a generic reverse transcription-nested-PCR targeted on a region of the non-structural NS5 gene. The phylogenetic analysis was performed on a fragment of ~1000 bp. Virus isolation was attempted in C6/36 insect cell lines and the infected cell cultures were studied by electron microscopy. We detected a wide distribution of flavivirus (AeFV) in , with higher infection prevalence in Trentino than in Veneto. In collected in Veneto, we detected a new sequence of an insect-specific flavivirus and one of Usutu virus. Interestingly, we detected AeFV in , for the first time to our knowledge, in both regions. Viral isolation in cell culture was successful for AeFV. AeFV sequences found in Veneto showed a high percentage of similarity to those detected in Trentino and to those previously reported in other areas of northern Italy. Co-infections with different flaviviruses were not detected.

  • Received:
  • Accepted:
  • Published Online:
© 2015 The Authors
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.069625-0
2015-02-01
2024-04-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/96/2/420.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.069625-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Barton K. 2013; Package ‘MuMIn’. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MuMIn/MuMIn.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Barzon L., Pacenti M., Franchin E., Squarzon L., Lavezzo E., Cattai M., Cusinato R., Palù G. 2013a; The complex epidemiological scenario of West Nile virus in Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:4669–4689 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Barzon L., Pacenti M., Franchin E., Pagni S., Lavezzo E., Squarzon L., Martello T., Russo F., Nicoletti L.other authors 2013b; Large human outbreak of West Nile virus infection in north-eastern Italy in 2012. Viruses 5:2825–2839 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Becker N., Petric D., Zgomba M., Boase C., Madon M., Dahl C., Kaiser A. 2010 Mosquitoes and Their Control, 2nd edn. London: Springer; [View Article]
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Benedict M. Q., Levine R. S., Hawley W. A., Lounibos L. P. 2007; Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7:76–85 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Bolling B. G., Eisen L., Moore C. G., Blair C. D. 2011; Insect-specific flaviviruses from Culex mosquitoes in Colorado, with evidence of vertical transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:169–177 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bolling B. G., Olea-Popelka F. J., Eisen L., Moore C. G., Blair C. D. 2012; Transmission dynamics of an insect-specific flavivirus in a naturally infected Culex pipiens laboratory colony and effects of co-infection on vector competence for West Nile virus. Virology 427:90–97 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bonizzoni M., Gasperi G., Chen X., James A. A. 2013; The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Trends Parasitol 29:460–468 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Buchebner N., Zenker W., Wenker C., Steinmetz H. W., Sós E., Lussy H., Nowotny N. 2013; Low Usutu virus seroprevalence in four zoological gardens in central Europe. BMC Vet Res 9:153 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Burnham K. P., Anderson D. R. 2002 Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Springer;
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Busani L., Capelli G., Cecchinato M., Lorenzetto M., Savini G., Terregino C., Vio P., Bonfanti L., Pozza M. D., Marangon S. 2011; West Nile virus circulation in Veneto region in 2008–2009. Epidemiol Infect 139:818–825 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Calistri P., Giovannini A., Savini G., Monaco F., Bonfanti L., Ceolin C., Terregino C., Tamba M., Cordioli P., Lelli R. 2010; West Nile virus transmission in 2008 in north-eastern Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 57:211–219 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Calzolari M., Bonilauri P., Bellini R., Caimi M., Defilippo F., Maioli G., Albieri A., Medici A., Veronesi R.other authors 2010a; Arboviral survey of mosquitoes in two northern Italian regions in 2007 and 2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:875–884 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Calzolari M., Bonilauri P., Bellini R., Albieri A., Defilippo F., Maioli G., Galletti G., Gelati A., Barbieri I.other authors 2010b; Evidence of simultaneous circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes sampled in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2009. PLoS ONE 5:e14324 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Calzolari M., Gaibani P., Bellini R., Defilippo F., Pierro A., Albieri A., Maioli G., Luppi A., Rossini G.other authors 2012a; Mosquito, bird and human surveillance of West Nile and Usutu viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010. PLoS ONE 7:e38058 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Calzolari M., Zé-Zé L., Růžek D., Vázquez A., Jeffries C., Defilippo F., Osório H. C., Kilian P., Ruíz S.other authors 2012b; Detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in Europe. J Gen Virol 93:1215–1225 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Calzolari M., Bonilauri P., Bellini R., Albieri A., Defilippo F., Tamba M., Tassinari M., Gelati A., Cordioli P.other authors 2013a; Usutu virus persistence and West Nile virus inactivity in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2011. PLoS ONE 8:e63978 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Calzolari M., Monaco F., Montarsi F., Bonilauri P., Ravagnan S., Bellini R., Cattoli G., Cordioli P., Cazzin S.other authors 2013b; New incursions of West Nile virus lineage 2 in Italy in 2013: the value of the entomological surveillance as early warning system. Vet Ital 49:315–319[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Cammisa-Parks H., Cisar L. A., Kane A., Stollar V. 1992; The complete nucleotide sequence of cell fusing agent (CFA): homology between the nonstructural proteins encoded by CFA and the nonstructural proteins encoded by arthropod-borne flaviviruses. Virology 189:511–524 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Cavrini F., Gaibani P., Longo G., Pierro A. M., Rossini G., Bonilauri P., Gerunda G. E., Di Benedetto F., Pasetto A.other authors 2009; Usutu virus infection in a patient who underwent orthotropic liver transplantation, Italy, August–September 2009. Euro Surveill 14:19448[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Cerutti F., Giacobini M., Mosca A., Grasso I., Rambozzi L., Rossi L., Bertolotti L. 2012; Evidence of mosquito-transmitted flavivirus circulation in Piedmont, north-western Italy. Parasit Vectors 5:99 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Chen Y. Y., Lin J. W., Fan Y. C., Tu W. C., Chang G. J., Chiou S. S. 2013; First detection of the Africa/Caribbean/Latin American subtype of Culex flavivirus in Asian country, Taiwan. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36:387–396 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Ciccozzi M., Peletto S., Cella E., Giovanetti M., Lai A., Gabanelli E., Acutis P. L., Modesto P., Rezza G.other authors 2013; Epidemiological history and phylogeography of West Nile virus lineage 2. Infect Genet Evol 17:46–50 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Cook S., Bennett S. N., Holmes E. C., De Chesse R., Moureau G., de Lamballerie X. 2006; Isolation of a new strain of the flavivirus cell fusing agent virus in a natural mosquito population from Puerto Rico. J Gen Virol 87:735–748 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Cook S., Moureau G., Harbach R. E., Mukwaya L., Goodger K., Ssenfuka F., Gould E., Holmes E. C., de Lamballerie X. 2009; Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda. J Gen Virol 90:2669–2678 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Cook S., Moureau G., Kitchen A., Gould E. A., de Lamballerie X., Holmes E. C., Harbach R. E. 2012; Molecular evolution of the insect-specific flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 93:223–234 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Cook S., Chung B. Y.-W., Bass D., Moureau G., Tang S., McAlister E., Culverwell C. L., Glücksman E., Wang H.other authors 2013; Novel virus discovery and genome reconstruction from field RNA samples reveals highly divergent viruses in dipteran hosts. PLoS ONE 8:e80720 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Crochu S., Cook S., Attoui H., Charrel R. N., De Chesse R., Belhouchet M., Lemasson J. J., de Micco P., de Lamballerie X. 2004; Sequences of flavivirus-related RNA viruses persist in DNA form integrated in the genome of Aedes spp. mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 85:1971–1980 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Crockett R. K., Burkhalter K., Mead D., Kelly R., Brown J., Varnado W., Roy A., Horiuchi K., Biggerstaff B. J.other authors 2012; Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus in Culex quinquefasciatus populations in the southeastern United States. J Med Entomol 49:165–174 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Dietzgen R. G., Kuzmin I. V.editors 2012 Rhabdoviruses: Molecular Taxonomy, Evolution, Genomics, Ecology, Host–Vector Interactions, Cytopathology and Control Norfolk: Caister Academic Press;
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Engler O., Savini G., Papa A., Figuerola J., Groschup M. H., Kampen H., Medlock J., Vaux A., Wilson A. J.other authors 2013; European surveillance for West Nile virus in mosquito populations. Int J Environ Res Public Health 10:4869–4895 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Enserink M. 2008; Entomology. A mosquito goes global. Science 320:864–866 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Espinoza-Gómez F., López-Lemus A. U., Rodriguez-Sanchez I. P., Martinez-Fierro M. L., Newton-Sánchez O. A., Chávez-Flores E., Delgado-Enciso I. 2011; Detection of sequences from a potentially novel strain of cell fusing agent virus in Mexican Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti mosquitoes. Arch Virol 156:1263–1267 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Farfan-Ale J. A., Loroño-Pino M. A., Garcia-Rejon J. E., Hovav E., Powers A. M., Lin M., Dorman K. S., Platt K. B., Bartholomay L. C.other authors 2009; Detection of RNA from a novel West Nile-like virus and high prevalence of an insect-specific flavivirus in mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80:85–95[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Farfan-Ale J. A., Loroño-Pino M. A., Garcia-Rejon J. E., Soto V., Lin M., Staley M., Dorman K. S., Bartholomay L. C., Hovav E., Blitvich B. J. 2010; Detection of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico in 2008. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:777–783 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Ferreira D. D., Cook S., Lopes Â., de Matos A. P., Esteves A., Abecasis A., de Almeida A. P., Piedade J., Parreira R. 2013; Characterization of an insect-specific flavivirus (OCFVPT) co-isolated from Ochlerotatus caspius collected in southern Portugal along with a putative new Negev-like virus. Virus Genes 47:532–545 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Filipponi G., Lelli R., Savini G., Giovannini A., Guberti A., Santucci U., Romi R., Toma L., Goffredo M., Caporale V. 2005; West Nile Virus surveillance in Italy: results of three years activities. In National Conference on West Nile Virus in the United States Teramo: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale G. Caporale;
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Filipponi G., Ciarrocca E., Savini G., Corsi I., Dell’Ariccia G., Lelli R. 2007; West Nile virus transmission in resident birds, Italy. In IMED International Meeting on Emerging Diseases and Surveillance Teramo: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale G. Caporale;
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Gaibani P., Pierro A., Alicino R., Rossini G., Cavrini F., Landini M. P., Sambri V. 2012; Detection of Usutu-virus-specific IgG in blood donors from northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:431–433 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Gaibani P., Cavrini F., Gould E. A., Rossini G., Pierro A., Landini M. P., Sambri V. 2013; Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the first Usutu virus isolate from a human patient presenting with neurological symptoms. PLoS ONE 8:e64761 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Gobbi F., Capelli G., Angheben A., Giobbia M., Conforto M., Franzetti M., Cattelan A. M., Raise E., Rovere P.other authors 2014; Human and entomological surveillance of West Nile fever, dengue and chikungunya in Veneto Region, Italy, 2010–2012. BMC Infect Dis 14:60 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Grisenti M., Arnoldi D., Rizzolli F., Giacobini M., Bertolotti L., Rizzoli A. 2013; Lack of identification of Flaviviruses in oral and cloacal swabs from long- and short-distance migratory birds in Trentino-Alto Adige (North-eastern Italy). Virol J 10:306 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Gubler D. J., Kuno G., Markhoff L. 2007; Flaviviruses. In Fields Virology, 5th edn. pp. 1153–1252 Edited by Knipe D. M., Howley P. M., Griffin D. E., Lamb R. A., Martin M. A., Roizman B., Strauss S. E. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Haddow A. D., Guzmán H., Popov V. L., Wood T. G., Widen S. G., Haddow A. D., Tesh R. B., Weaver S. C. 2013; First isolation of Aedes flavivirus in the Western Hemisphere and evidence of vertical transmission in the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Virology 440:134–139 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Hawley W. A., Reiter P., Copeland R. S., Pumpuni C. B., Craig G. B. Jr 1987; Aedes albopictus in North America: probable introduction in used tires from northern Asia. Science 236:1114–1116 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Hobson-Peters J., Yam A. W. Y., Lu J. W. F., Setoh Y. X., May F. J., Kurucz N., Walsh S., Prow N. A., Davis S. S.other authors 2013; A new insect-specific flavivirus from northern Australia suppresses replication of West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus in co-infected mosquito cells. PLoS ONE 8:e56534 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Höfle U., Gamino V., de Mera I. G., Mangold A. J., Ortíz J. A., de la Fuente J. 2013; Usutu virus in migratory song thrushes, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 19:1173–1175 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Hoshino K., Isawa H., Tsuda Y., Sawabe K., Kobayashi M. 2009; Isolation and characterization of a new insect flavivirus from Aedes albopictus and Aedes flavopictus mosquitoes in Japan. Virology 391:119–129 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Huhtamo E., Moureau G., Cook S., Julkunen O., Putkuri N., Kurkela S., Uzcátegui N. Y., Harbach R. E., Gould E. A.other authors 2012; Novel insect-specific flavivirus isolated from northern Europe. Virology 433:471–478 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Ishikawa T., Konishi E. 2011; [Flaviviruses]. Uirusu 61:221–238 (in Japanese) [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Kenney J. L., Solberg O. D., Langevin S. A., Brault A. C. 2014; Characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from Brazil: potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 95:2796–2808 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Kent R. J., Crabtree M. B., Miller B. R. 2010; Transmission of West Nile virus by Culex quinquefasciatus Say infected with Culex flavivirus Izabal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e671 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Kihara Y., Satho T., Eshita Y., Sakai K., Kotaki A., Takasaki T., Rongsriyam Y., Komalamisra N., Srisawat R.other authors 2007; Rapid determination of viral RNA sequences in mosquitoes collected in the field. J Virol Methods 146:372–374 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Kim D. Y., Guzmán H., Bueno R. Jr, Dennett J. A., Auguste A. J., Carrington C. V., Popov V. L., Weaver S. C., Beasley D. W., Tesh R. B. 2009; Characterization of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) strains isolated from mosquitoes in the United States and Trinidad. Virology 386:154–159 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Kuno G. 2007; Host range specificity of flaviviruses: correlation with in vitro replication. J Med Entomol 44:93–101 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Lee Y. M., Tscherne D. M., Yun S. I., Frolov I., Rice C. M. 2005; Dual mechanisms of pestiviral superinfection exclusion at entry and RNA replication. J Virol 79:3231–3242 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Lelli R., Savini G., Teodori L., Filipponi G., Di Gennaro A., Leone A., Di Gialleonardo L., Venturi L., Caporale V. 2008; Serological evidence of USUTU virus occurrence in north-eastern Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 55:361–367 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Lindenbach B. D., Thiel H.-J., Rice C. M. 2006; Flaviviridae: the viruses and thier replication. In Fields Virology, 5th edn. pp. 1101–1152 Edited by Knipe D. M., Howley P. M. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Machado D. C., Mondini A., dos Santos Santana V., Yonamine P. T., Chiaravalloti Neto F., Zanotto P. M., Nogueira M. L. 2012; First identification of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) in Brazil. Intervirology 55:475–483 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Manarolla G., Bakonyi T., Gallazzi D., Crosta L., Weissenböck H., Dorrestein G. M., Nowotny N. 2010; Usutu virus in wild birds in northern Italy. Vet Microbiol 141:159–163 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Moureau G., Bichaud L., Salez N., Ninove L., Hamrioui B., Belazzoug S., de Lamballerie X., Izri A., Charrel R. N. 2010; Molecular and serological evidence for the presence of novel phleboviruses in sandflies from northern Algeria. Open Virol J 4:15–21[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Newman C. M., Cerutti F., Anderson T. K., Hamer G. L., Walker E. D., Kitron U. D., Ruíz M. O., Brawn J. D., Goldberg T. L. 2011; Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus mosquito coinfection and positive ecological association in Chicago, United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11:1099–1105 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  63. Obara-Nagoya M., Yamauchi T., Watanabe M., Hasegawa S., Iwai-Itamochi M., Horimoto E., Takizawa T., Takashima I., Kariwa H. 2013; Ecological and genetic analyses of the complete genomes of Culex flavivirus strains isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) group mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 50:300–309 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  64. Papa A., Papadopoulou E., Kalaitzopoulou S., Tsioka K., Mourelatos S. 2014; Detection of West Nile virus and insect-specific flavivirus RNA in Culex mosquitoes, central Macedonia, Greece. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108:555–559 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Parreira R., Cook S., Lopes A., de Matos A. P., de Almeida A. P., Piedade J., Esteves A. 2012; Genetic characterization of an insect-specific flavivirus isolated from Culex theileri mosquitoes collected in southern Portugal. Virus Res 167:152–161 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Pautasso A., Desiato R., Bertolini S., Vitale N., Radaelli M. C., Mancini M., Rizzo F., Mosca A., Calzolari M.other authors 2013; Mosquito surveillance in northwestern Italy to monitor the occurrence of tropical vector-borne diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 60:Suppl 2154–161 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Pecorari M., Longo G., Gennari W., Grottola A., Sabbatini A. M., Tagliazucchi S., Savini G., Monaco F., Simone M. L.other authors 2009; First human case of Usutu virus neuroinvasive infection, Italy, August–September 2009. Euro Surveill 14:19446[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Peletto S., Lo Presti A., Modesto P., Cella E., Acutis P. L., Farchi F., Ciotti M., Zehender G., Ciccozzi M. 2012; Genetic diversity of Usutu virus. New Microbiol 35:167–174[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Pierro A., Gaibani P., Spadafora C., Ruggeri D., Randi V., Parenti S., Finarelli A. C., Rossini G., Landini M. P., Sambri V. 2013; Detection of specific antibodies against West Nile and Usutu viruses in healthy blood donors in northern Italy, 2010-2011. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:E451–E453 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Rai K. S. 1991; Aedes albopictus in the Americas. Annu Rev Entomol 36:459–484 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Ravanini P., Huhtamo E., Ilaria V., Crobu M. G., Nicosia A. M., Servino L., Rivasi F., Allegrini S., Miglio U.other authors 2012; Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy. Euro Surveill 17:20221[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Regione del Veneto 2011; Regional WNV Surveillance Plan 2010: D.D.R. n. 66 del 26 marzo 2010. http://bur.regione.veneto.it/BurvServices/Pubblica/DettaglioDgr.aspx?id=235166 (in Italian)
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Regione del Veneto 2013; Regional Vector Borne Diseases Surveillance Plan – Annual Report 2012. http://www.azisanrovigo.it/media//Dip_Prevenzione/Piano_vettori_2013.pdf (in Italian)
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rizzo C., Salcuni P., Nicoletti L., Ciufolini M. G., Russo F., Masala R., Frongia O., Finarelli A. C., Gramegna M.other authors 2012; Epidemiological surveillance of West Nile neuroinvasive diseases in Italy, 2008 to 2011. Euro Surveill 17:20172[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  75. Rizzoli A., Rosà R., Rosso F., Buckley A., Gould E. 2007; West Nile virus circulation detected in northern Italy in sentinel chickens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 7:411–417 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  76. Roiz D., Vázquez A., Seco M. P., Tenorio A., Rizzoli A. 2009; Detection of novel insect flavivirus sequences integrated in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Italy. Virol J 6:93 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Roiz D., Rosà R., Arnoldi D., Rizzoli A. 2010; Effects of temperature and rainfall on the activity and dynamics of host-seeking Aedes albopictus females in northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:811–816 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  78. Roiz D., Neteler M., Castellani C., Arnoldi D., Rizzoli A. 2011; Climatic factors driving invasion of the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) into new areas of Trentino, northern Italy. PLoS ONE 6:e14800 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Roiz D., Vázquez A., Rosso F., Arnoldi D., Girardi M., Cuevas L., Perez-Pastrana E., Sánchez-Seco M. P., Tenorio A., Rizzoli A. 2012; Detection of a new insect flavivirus and isolation of Aedes flavivirus in Northern Italy. Parasit Vectors 5:223 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Saiyasombat R., Bolling B. G., Brault A. C., Bartholomay L. C., Blitvich B. J. 2011; Evidence of efficient transovarial transmission of Culex flavivirus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol 48:1031–1038 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Sánchez-Seco M. P., Rosario D., Domingo C., Hernández L., Valdés K., Guzmán M. G., Tenorio A. 2005; Generic RT-nested-PCR for detection of flaviviruses using degenerated primers and internal control followed by sequencing for specific identification. J Virol Methods 126:101–109 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  82. Sánchez-Seco M. P., Vázquez A., Collao X., Hernández L., Aranda C., Ruíz S., Escosa R., Marqués E., Bustillo M. A.other authors 2010; Surveillance of arboviruses in Spanish wetlands: detection of new flavi- and phleboviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:203–206 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Sánchez-Vargas I., Travanty E. A., Keene K. M., Franz A. W., Beaty B. J., Blair C. D., Olson K. E. 2004; RNA interference, arthropod-borne viruses, and mosquitoes. Virus Res 102:65–74 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Savini G., Monaco F., Terregino C., Di Gennaro A., Bano L., Pinoni C., De Nardi R., Bonilauri P., Pecorari M.other authors 2011; Usutu virus in Italy: an emergence or a silent infection?. Vet Microbiol 151:264–274 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  85. Schaffner F., Angel G., Geoffroy B., Hervy J. P., Rhaiem A., Brunhes J. 2011 The Mosquitoes of Europe/Les Moustiques d’Europe: An Identification and Training Programme [CD ROM] Montpellier: Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement Éditions & EID Méditerranée;
     [Google Scholar]
  86. Stollar V., Thomas V. L. 1975; An agent in the Aedes aegypti cell line (Peleg) which causes fusion of Aedes albopictus cells. Virology 64:367–377 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Tamba M., Bonilauri P., Bellini R., Calzolari M., Albieri A., Sambri V., Dottori M., Angelini P. 2011; Detection of Usutu virus within a West Nile virus surveillance program in Northern Italy. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11:551–557 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  88. Tamura K., Peterson D., Peterson N., Stecher G., Nei M., Kumar S. 2011; mega5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28:2731–2739 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  89. Trawinski P. R., Mackay D. S. 2010; Identification of environmental covariates of West Nile virus vector mosquito population abundance. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:515–526 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  90. Tyler S., Bolling B. G., Blair C. D., Brault A. C., Pabbaraju K., Armijos M. V., Clark D. C., Calisher C. H., Drebot M. A. 2011; Distribution and phylogenetic comparisons of a novel mosquito flavivirus sequence present in Culex tarsalis mosquitoes from western Canada with viruses isolated in California and Colorado. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:162–168 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  91. Vázquez A., Jimenez-Clavero M. A., Franco L., Donoso-Mantke O., Sambri V., Niedrig M., Zeller H., Tenorio A. 2011; Usutu virus: potential risk of human disease in Europe. Euro Surveill 16:19935[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Vázquez A., Sánchez-Seco M. P., Palacios G., Molero F., Reyes N., Ruíz S., Aranda C., Marqués E., Escosa R.other authors 2012; Novel flaviviruses detected in different species of mosquitoes in Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12:223–229 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  93. Vilibic-Cavlek T., Kaic B., Barbic L., Pem-Novosel I., Slavic-Vrzic V., Lesnikar V., Kurecic-Filipovic S., Babic-Erceg A., Listes E.other authors 2014; First evidence of simultaneous occurrence of West Nile virus and Usutu virus neuroinvasive disease in humans in Croatia during the 2013 outbreak. Infection 42:689–695 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  94. Weissenböck H., Kolodziejek J., Url A., Lussy H., Rebel-Bauder B., Nowotny N. 2002; Emergence of Usutu virus, an African mosquito-borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, central Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 8:652–656 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  95. Weissenböck H., Chvala S., Bakonyi T., Nowotny N. 2007; Emergence of Usutu virus in central Europe: diagnosis, surveillance and epizoology. In Emerging Pests and Vector-Borne Disease in Europe pp. 153–168 Edited by Takken W., Knols B. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers;
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Weissenböck H., Bakonyi T., Rossi G., Mani P., Nowotny N. 2013; Usutu virus, Italy, 1996. Emerg Infect Dis 19:274–277 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  97. Williams M. C., Simpson D. I., Haddow A. J., Knight E. M. 1964; The isolation of a West Nile virus from man and Usutu virus from the bird-biting mosquito Mansonia aurites (Theobald) in the Entebbe area of Uganda. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 58:367–374[PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Zuo S., Zhao Q., Guo X., Zhou H., Cao W., Zhang J. 2014; Detection of Quang Binh virus from mosquitoes in China. Virus Res 180:31–38 [View Article][PubMed]
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.069625-0
Loading
Wide detection of Aedes flavivirus in north-eastern Italy – a European hotspot of emerging mosquito-borne diseases
J. Gen. Virol. 96, 420 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.069625-0
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.069625-0
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.069625-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Most cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error