1887

Abstract

Several lines of evidence suggest that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) may have immunomodulatory effects on the host immune system. To determine the effect of PRRSV on cytokine production, a multiplex PCR was established. This allowed a semi-quantitative analysis of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression levels from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These results showed that both live and inactivated PRRSV predominantly upregulated IL-10 gene expression in porcine PBMCs. In addition, when PBMCs from pigs immunized previously with classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccine were cultivated with the recall antigen, CSFV, in the presence of PRRSV, significant upregulation of IL-10 gene expression and reduction of IFN-γ gene expression were observed. These findings indicated that the presence of PRRSV in the culture could affect recall antigen response. This study implies that the induction of IL-10 production may be one of the strategies used by PRRSV to modulate host immune responses.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.18698-0
2003-02-01
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jgv/84/2/vir840453.html?itemId=/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.18698-0&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Abbas A. K., Lichtman A. H., Pober J. S. 2000; Cytokines. In Cellular and Molecular Immunology , 4th edn. pp  235–269 Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders;
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Albina E., Carrat C., Charley B. 1998; Interferon-α response to swine arterivirus (PoAV), the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 18:485–490
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bautista E. M., Molitor T. W. 1997; Cell-mediated immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine. Viral Immunol 10:83–94
    [Google Scholar]
  4. De Bruin M. G. M., Samson J. N., Voermans J. J. M., van Rooij E. M. A., De Visser Y. E., Bianchi A. T. J. 2000; Effects of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection on the development of the immune response against pseudorabies virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 76:125–135
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Dozois C. M., Oswald E., Gautier N., Serthelon J.-P., Fairbrother J. M., Oswald I. P. 1997; A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method to analyse porcine cytokine gene expression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 58:287–300
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Duan X., Nauwynck H. J., Pensaert M. B. 1997; Effects of origin and state of differentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages on their susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Arch Virol 142:2483–2497
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Dunkley M., Pabst R., Cripps A. 1995; An important role for intestinally derived T cells in respiratory defence. Immunol Today 16:231–236
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Feng W. H., Tompkins M., Xu J., Brown T., Laster S., McCaw M. B. 2000; Cytokine production by pigs infected in utero with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. In Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress pp  657 Melbourne, Australia:
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Fickenscher H., Hor S., Kupers H., Knappe A., Wittmann S., Sticht H. 2002; The interleukin-10 family of cytokines. Trends Immunol 23:89–96
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Halbur P. G. 1998; Porcine viral respiratory diseases. In Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society pp  1–10 Birmingham, UK:
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Lager K. M., Mengeling W. L. 2000; PRRS: nature of the RNA virus and how it causes disease. In Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society pp  538–543 Melbourne, Australia:
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Lopez Fuertes L., Domenech N., Alvarez B., Ezquerra A., Dominguez J., Castro J. M., Alonso F. 1999; Analysis of cellular immune response in pigs recovered from porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome infection. Virus Res 64:33–42
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Molitor T. W., Xiao J., Choi C. 1996; PRRS virus infection of macrophages: regulation by maturation and activation state. In Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Practitioners 27th Annual Meeting pp  563–569 Tennessee, USA:
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Moore K. W., de Waal Malefyt R., Coffman R. L., O'Garra A. 2001; Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 19:683–765
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Reddy N. R. J., Borgs P., Wilkie B. N. 2000; Cytokine mRNA expression in leukocytes of efferent lymph from stimulated lymph nodes in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 74:31–46
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Redpath S., Ghazal P., Gascoigne N. R. 2001; Hijacking and exploitation of IL-10 by intracellular pathogens. Trends Microbiol 9:86–92
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Snijder E. J., Meulenberg J. J. M. 1998; The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J Gen Virol 79:961–979
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Suradhat S., Damrongwatanapokin S. 2000; Establishment of an ELISPOT assay for detection of classical swine fever virus specific interferon-γ-secreting cells from porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society pp  619 Melbourne, Australia:
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Suradhat S., Intrakamhaeng M., Damrongwatanapokin S. 2001; The correlation of virus-specific interferon-γ production and protection against classical swine fever virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 83:177–189
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Thacker E. L., Thacker B. J., Young T. F., Halbur P. G. 2000; Effect of vaccination on the potentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced pneumonia by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae . Vaccine 18:1244–1252
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Thanawongnuwech R., Thacker E. L., Halbur P. G. 1998; Influence of pig age on virus titer and bactericidal activity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). Vet Microbiol 63:177–187
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Thanawongnuwech R., Young T. F., Thacker B. J., Thacker E. L. 2001; Differential production of proinflammatory cytokines: in vitro PRRSV and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae co-infection model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 79:115–127
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Van Reeth K., Nauwynck H. 2000; Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs. Vet Res 31:187–213
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Van Reeth K., Labarque G., Nauwynck H., Pensaert M. 1999; Differential production of proinflammatory cytokines in the pig lung during different respiratory virus infections: correlation with pathogenicity. Res Vet Sci 67:47–52
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Voicu I. L., Silim A., Morin M., Elazhary M. A. S. Y. 1994; Interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus with swine monocytes. Vet Rec 134:422–423
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Wardley R. C., Martin S., Saif L. J. 1996; Pathogenesis of viral infections. In Advances in Swine in Biomedical Research pp  409–422 Edited by Tumbleson M. E., Schook L. B. New York: Plenum;
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Wills R. W., Zimmerman J. J., Yoon K. L., Swenson S. L., McGinley M. J., Hill H. T., Platt K. B., Christopher-Hennings J., Nelson E. A. 1997; Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: a persistent infection. Vet Microbiol 55:231–240
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Wood P. R., Seow H.-F. 1996; T cell cytokines and disease prevention. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 54:33–44
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Yoon K. L., Zimmerman J. J., Swenson S. L. 7 other authors 1995; Characterization of the humoral immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:305–312
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.18698-0
Loading
/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.18698-0
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error