A single mutation in capsid protein VP1 (Q145E) of a genogroup C4 strain of human enterovirus 71 generates a mouse-virulent phenotype

References

1. Arita M., Shimizu H., Nagata N., Ami Y., Suzaki Y., Sata T., Iwasaki T., Miyamura T. 2005; Temperature-sensitive mutants of enterovirus 71 show attenuation in cynomolgus monkeys. J Gen Virol 86:1391–1401 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
2. Arita M., Nagata N., Iwata N., Ami Y., Suzaki Y., Mizuta K., Iwasaki T., Sata T., Wakita T., Shimizu H. 2007; An attenuated strain of enterovirus 71 belonging to genotype a showed a broad spectrum of antigenicity with attenuated neurovirulence in cynomolgus monkeys. J Virol 81:9386–9395 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bek E. J., Hussain K. M., Phuektes P., Kok C. C., Gao Q., Cai F., Gao Z., McMinn P. C. 2011; Formalin-inactivated vaccine provokes cross-protective immunity in a mouse model of human enterovirus 71 infection. Vaccine 29:4829–4838 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
4. Chen Y. C., Yu C. K., Wang Y. F., Liu C. C., Su I. J., Lei H. Y. 2004; A murine oral enterovirus 71 infection model with central nervous system involvement. J Gen Virol 85:69–77 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
5. Chua B. H., Phuektes P., Sanders S. A., Nicholls P. K., McMinn P. C. 2008; The molecular basis of mouse adaptation by human enterovirus 71. J Gen Virol 89:1622–1632 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
6. Hashimoto I., Hagiwara A. 1982; Pathogenicity of a poliomyelitis-like disease in monkeys infected orally with enterovirus 71: a model for human infection. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 8:149–156 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
7. Huang S. W., Hsu Y. W., Smith D. J., Kiang D., Tsai H. P., Lin K. H., Wang S. M., Liu C. C., Su I. J., Wang J. R. 2009; Reemergence of enterovirus 71 in 2008 in Taiwan: dynamics of genetic and antigenic evolution from 1998 to 2008. J Clin Microbiol 47:3653–3662 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
8. Huang S. W., Wang Y. F., Yu C. K., Su I. J., Wang J. R. 2012; Mutations in VP2 and VP1 capsid proteins increase infectivity and mouse lethality of enterovirus 71 by virus binding and RNA accumulation enhancement. Virology 422:132–143 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
9. Li Y. P., Liang Z. L., Gao Q., Huang L. R., Mao Q. Y., Wen S. Q., Liu Y., Yin W. D., Li R. C., Wang J. Z. 2012; Safety and immunogenicity of a novel human enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase I clinical trial. Vaccine 30:3295–3303 [View Article][PubMed]
   [Google Scholar]
10. Ong K. C., Badmanathan M., Devi S., Leong K. L., Cardosa M. J., Wong K. T. 2008; Pathologic characterization of a murine model of human enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67:532–542 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
11. Reed L. J., Muench H. 1938; A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Hyg 27:493–497
    [Google Scholar]
12. Schmidt N. J., Lennette E. H., Ho H. H. 1974; An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 129:304–309 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
13. Tu P. V., Thao N. T. T., Perera D., Truong K. H., Tien N. T. K., Thuong T. C., How O. M., Cardosa M. J., McMinn P. C. 2007; Epidemiologic and virologic investigation of hand, foot, and mouth disease, southern Vietnam, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1733–1741 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
14. Wang J. R., Tuan Y. C., Tsai H. P., Yan J. J., Liu C. C., Su I. J. 2002; Change of major genotype of enterovirus 71 in outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Taiwan between 1998 and 2000. J Clin Microbiol 40:10–15 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
15. Wang Y. F., Chou C. T., Lei H. Y., Liu C. C., Wang S. M., Yan J. J., Su I. J., Wang J. R., Yeh T. M.other authors 2004; A mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain causes neurological disease in mice after oral infection. J Virol 78:7916–7924 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
16. Wang W., Duo J., Liu J., Ma C., Zhang L., Wei Q., Qin C. 2011; A mouse muscle-adapted enterovirus 71 strain with increased virulence in mice. Microbes Infect 13:862–870 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
17. Wang X., Peng W., Ren J., Hu Z., Xu J., Lou Z., Li X., Yin W., Shen X.other authors 2012; A sensor-adaptor mechanism for enterovirus uncoating from structures of EV71. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19:424–429 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
18. Wright A. J., Phillpotts R. J. 1998; Humane endpoints are an objective measure of morbidity in Venezuelan encephalomyelitis virus infection of mice. Arch Virol 143:1155–1162 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
19. Wu C. N., Lin Y. C., Fann C., Liao N. S., Shih S. R., Ho M. S. 2001; Protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by passive immunization with subunit VP1 vaccines and inactivated virus. Vaccine 20:895–904 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]
20. Zaini Z., Phuektes P., McMinn P. 2012; A reverse genetic study of the adaptation of human enterovirus 71 to growth in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Virus Res 165:151–156 [View Article][PubMed]
    [Google Scholar]